International Student at MSU and the Problem They Face Essay

International Student at MSU and the Problem They Face - Essay Example In short, the MSU can help itself in attracting a large number of international students years-on if the offered environment is congenial enough for international students that all their important issues get a patient listening by the authorities at the helm of affairs. International students wanting to study are not accustomed to the new way of life waiting them at MSU. A good chunk of their time gets in updating their VISA documentation work completed, leaving no time to do research on the new environment. So a feeling of discomfort circumvents when sudden problems surface, making them confused as to how to overcome the problems, which could be social or psychological or any other related matter of concern. One such social problem is that of communication with the native students (Jang, 2005). The most important social problem of international students is communication, as it becomes a big hindrance to them. They are not as good in the spoken form of English as are the natives. As belonging to different cultural backgrounds, they don’t get the desired environment and feel aloof like strangers. They cannot express their views on topics of interest comfortably with their American and other international classmates, as they also come from different cultural and social backgrounds. ... orientation courses can be offered to such students to increase not only their English speaking skills but reading and writing skills as well (Jang, 2005). Another most important problem of International students is although academic but it strains them psychologically, as they get psychologically affected to first focus on attempting their majors so that they become eligible for scholarship. They cannot ignore either English learning or their majors, devoting their time equally on both. Time becomes the major hindrance in communicating with others. Miscommunication sometimes adds to their problems, as they cannot speak English as fast as the natives. It promotes unpleasantness among students belonging to various countries and the native students (Jang, 2005). The most important administrative problems are concerned with student ID cards, billing, and payment procedures. Students require keeping two identities, one is passport identity and the other is SMSU student identity card or à ¢â‚¬Å"Mustang ID†. Students have to carry their student identity card with them all times. Without showing their identity card, they cannot get access to library and computer labs. Administrative staff can ask them to show their international student identity any time. Further, students need to follow the deadline of depositing fee and other expenses, which are quite crucial from students’ perspective because a shortage of funds can be decisive to the progress of their semester. Students, therefore, need to be always on the alert to be disciplined in all academic and administrative matters (SMSU, 2010). One Korean student, named Tim, told that she felt hesitant in asking unrelated questions in the classroom. She was under the impression that only related and selected questions can be asked

Is the film version of Of Mice and Men inferior to the original novel Essay Example for Free

Is the film version of Of Mice and Men inferior to the original novel Essay Of Mice and Men was written in 1937 during the great depression, by John Steinbeck. Steinbeck was born in 1902 in California; some of his other novels are The Red Pony, Cup of Gold, To a God Unknown, In Dubious Battle, Canary Row, Sweet Thursday and various others. After months of ill health, John Steinbeck died of heart failure in December 1968 and is buried in Salinas, California. The film was directed by Gary Sinise, and runs for approximately 115 minutes and was made in the USA. Of Mice and Men is suitable for adaptation as the plot line is not too complicated and the scenes will be relatively easy to make, on the other hand there are several problems, a various amount of the scenes in the book cannot be adapted for the film, such as when Lennie hallucinates by the river. The opening sequence opens with George and Lennies escape from Weed, this is set in a big open field, with vibrant colours this will get the audiences attention as vibrant colours give the impression of danger. The camera starts of in a long shot, this is important as it shows the audience her ripped dress, then the camera zooms in to a close up to show the tears and fear on her face. The opening in the film is much more dramatic to the one of the novel, the director choose the include this section because it gives a contrast from George being in a combined place on the train, to having dramatic colours and wide open space, this makes the film more dramatic and exciting for the audience. In the novel Curleys wife and Curley are never seen together, they are always looking for each other, the incident with Crooks is not included. In the film Curleys wife does not have red mules, and is not heavily made up, she is wearing white and pink this gives her the look of femininity and innocence, which will give a different portrayal of the character to the novel. She is always seen in doorways, for example when she sees George, the camera uses a mid shot so the audience can see both their reactions, Curleys wife is looking outside like she is looking out for Curley, she is giving him no eye contact this shows us that she is not trying to lead him on. George is giving her eye contact, this might be making her feel nervous as she starts the fiddle with her dress. In the novel she is shown as being a dangerous, flirty character whereas in the film she is made to be totally different, the director has chosen to portray her sympathetically this is because this will enforce more of a reaction when she dies, this makes the audience feel sympathy for her. George and Lennie are presented with more sympathy in the film than the novel, the novel is less extreme. When Lennie has the fight with Curley the camera is in mid shot and Lennie is sitting down, this makes him look more vulnerable. The director uses a strong use of sound in the scenes of the fight, the punches are made to sound loud, this can make the audience relate to Lennie. A close up is then on Georges face to show his concern for Lennie, then a extreme close up of Lennie is used, this is very dramatic way of showing a characters emotions, the audience can see Lennies angry eyes and almost makes the audience feel scared as he has blood on his face when he is breaking Curleys hand, this makes the film superior the reading the novel as the camera shots and sound can make more of an effect on the audience and makes Lennie and George more three dimensional, whereas the novel makes them seem more one dimensional. The beginning of the novel is very different as Steinbeck sets the scene in clear detail, he creates a peaceful atmosphere by using nature the leaves lie so deep and so crisp that a lizard makes a great skittering if he runs among them. Unlike the novel the film shows an exciting and tense atmosphere. At the beginning of the film the director chooses to show George on a train, this scene is not included in the book because it would only work in a film, the director uses a haunting shilling melody lingering in the background, the camera shot focuses on a lonely figure crouched in the corner. By using this scene at the beginning it grabs the audiences attention and a spirited mood is set in the audience, he sets a stark contrast between that scene and the one that follows. This scene shows George sitting in the dark, which shows more about him than in the novel it shows that George is in the dark. The film relates to Steinbeck descriptive prose well, but some scenes could have been presented more like the book. In my opinion the film does do the film justice, but some characters could have been presented more like the characters in the book, for example Curleys wife, she is presented to be a flirty and dangerous character in the book and presented as a feminine vulnerable character in the film. The scenes are set in different ways but are successful in giving the audience the same amount of emotion as in the novel. The scenes that are in the novel that are not included in the film are not important and they are replaced with scene of the same importance that are easier to make. Overall the film is a good adaptation of the novel.

confant Pride and Conflict of Law in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Antigone - Pride and Conflict of Law Sophocles' Antigone, in its later phases is no longer about the conflict of law; It is about stubbornness and self will, about the sin of refusing to listen; about a man who has never been told. Conflict of law, presents the initial disturbance within Thebes. Creon, King of Thebes, refuses to bury the body of Polynices, for in his eyes Polynices is 'his country's enemy' Antigone pg.131. Thus, despite breaking the laws of the gods, Creon holds his power higher than that of God and heavens and enforces his law. As the story follows, Sophocles expands on the ignorance presented by Creon and Antigone, and it is also found that it is impossible to defeat an ignorant man, or woman in argument. It is this ignorance, that establishes the notion of the sin and punishment that both Creon and Antigone face due to their stubbornness and self will. Antigone holds her love of family, and respect to the dead, elevated beyond the laws of Creon, whom she believes, has no righteous justification to close his eyes to the honor of the deceased. In her determination to fulfill Polynices' rights, she runs directly into Creon's attempts to re-establish order. This leads to encounters of severe conflict between the dissimilarities of the two, creating a situation whereby both Creon and Antigone expose their stubbornness and self will. It is Antigone's morals, which drive her to betray the laws of man, in order to honor the laws of God. Knowing and comprehending the consequences of defying Creon's ruling do not restrain the intensity of Antigone's self will, yet it feeds her hunger to achieve her principles. Losing sight of her future, Antigone allows her stubbornness to consume her life, taking with it, the prospect of marriage, motherhood and friendship. As the story continues, we find that Antigone focuses more on the need to establish her human ethics in spite of Creon, rather than proving the incorrectness of man defying god's laws. Following the unlawful burial of Polynices, Antigone openly admits to Creon the knowledge of the following punishment by carrying out such a defying act. "I knew it naturally, It was plain enough." Antigone pg.138. With the intention of gratifying the laws of the gods, Antigone holds neither guilt nor regret as she feels that she has brought justice to the eternal rest of her brother.

Conflict, Climax and Resolution in Sophocles Antigone Essay -- Sophoc

Conflict, Climax and Resolution  in Antigone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Sophocles’ tragic drama, Antigone, presents to the reader a full range of conflicts and their resolution after a climax. In Antigone the protagonist, Antigone, is humble and pious before the gods and would not tempt the gods by leaving the corpse of her brother unburied. She is not humble before her uncle, Creon, because she prioritizes the laws of the gods higher than those of men; and because she feels closer to her brother, Polynices, than she does to her uncle. The drama begins with Antigone inviting Ismene outside the palace doors to tell her privately: â€Å"What, hath not Creon destined our brothers, the one to honoured burial, the other to unburied shame?† Antigone’s offer to Ismene (â€Å"Wilt thou aid this hand to lift the dead?) is quickly rejected, so that Antigone must bury Polynices by herself. The protagonist, Antigone, is quickly developing into a rounded character, while Ismene interacts with her as a foil, demurring in the face of Creon’s threat of stoning to death as punishment for violators of his decree regarding Polynices. The main conflict thusfar observed i s that which the reader sees taking shape between Antigone and the king. Antigone is a religious person who is not afraid of death, and who respects the laws of the gods more than those of men: Nay, be what thou wilt; but I will bury him: well for me to die in doing that. I shall rest, a loved one with him whom I have loved, sinless in my crime; for I owe a longer allegiance to the dead than to the living: in that world I shall abide for ever. But if thou wilt, be guilty of dishonouring laws which the gods have established in honour. Ismene is unmoved by the reasoning and sentiments of... ...e pervading themes in Sophocles is the justice of the universe. We are to understand that, in some sense, cosmic justice ultimately prevails (718). WORKS CITED Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. Segal, Charles Paul. â€Å"Sophocles’ Praise of Man and the Conflicts of the Antigone.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Sophocles. Antigone. Translated by R. C. Jebb. The Internet Classic Archive. no pag. http://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/antigone.html â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Watling, E. F.. Introduction. In Sophocles: The Theban Plays, translated by E. F. Watling. New York: Penguin Books, 1974.

Bosom Friend

About my bosom friend Jenia Frankly speaking, I chose Jenia, because she is my bosom friend. Moreover, we were studying at the same school, but to tell the truth, we know each other since we were preschoolers. But Jenia became my best friend only in the 10 th form. Jenia is a slim, pleasant – looking girl of about 17. Jenia is tall; she has a strong attractive body. Jenia is always elegant; her clothes are the latest fashion. Her features are very delicate she has sand shoulder – length hair and green eyes.Her eyelashes are long and thick. Her face is oval and she has a straight nose. Jenia has got a puffy and well-cut lips and she always has a sunny smile. To cut a long story short, Jenia is very beautiful girl. But I think, inner beauty is more important than physical one. Jenia is very tactful, generous, kind-hearted, but she isn’t shy at all – she is a chatterbox and know – all. She is always ready to help her friends. She used to help me at the math lessons.Math is her favorite subject, but I am, on the contrary, hate this subject. Jenia has in a habbit of helping her parents. Jenia is a person I associate with hobby. Hobby is what a person likes to do in his spare time. Hobbies differ like tastes. Jenia and I like handmade. We are interested in felting. Moreover, we have already done several funny animals, such as red cat, lion, rabbit, penguin , panda and etc. These toys we presented to our relatives and friends. I addition, Jenia goes in for sports and she is fond of tourism.Unusual as for girl, but she was in hikes several times, exactly 11. They were different categories of difficulty, it depends of place and distance. I think, it’s exciting hobby, and next spring I’ m going to join her. Jenia always tries to do her best to help somebody when he or she has some problems. What I like in her is that she always keeps her word and never boats. There is a proverb: a friend in need is a friend indeed. And I c ould say, these words are about my friend as Jenia, because she is a true one.

The Legacy and Works of Lu Xun

The Legacy and Works of Lu Xun Lu Xun (é ² Ã¨ ¿â€¦) was the pen name of Zhou Shuren (å‘ ¨Ã¦  â€˜Ã¤ º º), one of China’s most famous fiction authors, poets, and essayists. He is considered by many to be the father of modern Chinese literature because he was the first serious author to write using modern colloquial language. Lu Xun  died on October 19, 1936, but his works have remained prominent over the years in Chinese culture. Early Life Born on September 25,  1881, in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, Lu Xun was born into a wealthy and well-educated family. However, his grandfather was caught and nearly executed for bribery when Lu Xun was still a child, which sent his family tumbling down the social ladder. This fall from grace and the way once-friendly neighbors treated his family after they had lost their status had a profound effect on the young Lu Xun. When traditional Chinese remedies failed to save his fathers life from an illness, most likely tuberculosis, Lu Xun vowed to study Western medicine and become a doctor. His studies took him to Japan, where one day after class he saw a slide of a Chinese prisoner being executed by Japanese soldiers while other Chinese people were gathered around happily taking in the spectacle. Appalled at his countrymen’s apparent callousness, Lu Xun abandoned his study of medicine and vowed to take up writing with the idea that was no point in curing diseases in Chinese people’s bodies if there was a more fundamental problem in their minds that needed curing. Socio-Political Beliefs The beginning of Lu Xun’s writing career coincided with the beginning of the May 4th Movement, a social and political movement of mostly young intellectuals who were determined to modernize China by importing and adapting Western ideas, literary theories, and medical practices. Through his writing, which was extremely critical of Chinese tradition and strongly advocated modernization, Lu Xun became one of the leaders of this movement. Impact on the Communist Party Lu Xun’s work has been embraced and to a certain extent co-opted by  China’s Communist Party. Mao Zedong held him in very high esteem, although Mao also worked hard to prevent people from taking Lu Xun’s sharp-tongued critical approach when it came to writing about the Party. Lu Xun himself died well before the communist revolution and it’s difficult to say what he would have thought of it. National and International Influence Widely recognized as one of China’s best and most influential authors, Lu Xun remains strikingly relevant to modern China. His socially-critical work is still widely read and discussed in China and references to his stories, characters, and essays abound in everyday speech as well as academia. Many Chinese people can quote from several of his stories verbatim, as they are still taught as part of China’s national curriculum. His work also continues to influence modern Chinese authors  and writers around the world.  Nobel-prize-winning author KenzaburÃ…  Ã…Å'e  reportedly called him the greatest writer Asia produced in the twentieth century. Noted Works His first short story, â€Å"A Madman’s Diary†, made a huge splash in China’s literary world when it was published in 1918 for its clever use of colloquial language juxtaposed with the stilted, hard-to-read classical language that â€Å"serious† authors were meant to write in at the time. The story also turned heads for its extremely critical take on Chinas dependence on tradition, which Lu Xun uses metaphors to compare to cannibalism. A short, satirical novella called â€Å"The True Story of Ah-Q† was published a few years later. In this work, Lu Xun condemns the Chinese psyche through the titular character Ah-Q, a bumbling peasant who constantly considers himself superior to others even as he is relentlessly humiliated and ultimately executed by them. This characterization was on-the-nose enough that the phrase â€Å"the Ah-Q spirit† remains widely used even today, nearly 100 years after the story was first published. Although his early short fiction is among his most memorable work, Lu Xun was a prolific writer and he produced a wide variety of pieces including a large number of translations of Western works, many significant critical essays, and even a number of poems. Though he only lived to be 55, his complete collected works  fill 20 volumes and weigh over 60 pounds. Selected Translated Works The two works mentioned above,  A Madman’s Diary† (ç‹‚ä º ºÃ¦â€" ¥Ã¨ ® °)  and â€Å"The True Story of Ah-Q† (é˜ ¿Qæ ­ £Ã¤ ¼  )  are available to read as translated works.   Other translated works include  The New Year’s Sacrifice,  a powerful short story about women’s rights and, more broadly, the dangers of complacency. Also available is  My Old Home,  a more reflective tale about memory and the ways in which we relate to the past.

Betrayed by my best friend Essays

Betrayed by my best friend Essays Betrayed by my best friend Essay Betrayed by my best friend Essay As a child growing up friends are everything. Your best friend is the one you share all your secrets with and trust them not to tell anyone. They are the one who knows everything about you and stands by your side through everything. For some, best friends may change frequently, but that wasnt the case of Michelle and l. That was the type of friend Michelle was. We had been friends since the first grade and shared everything. We never kept secrets from one another and more importantly, we never shared those secrets with anyone else. Well at least I didnt. One fall I learned many important lessons in life. The most important one was not to trust people. Sounds cynical I know, but I dont know any other way to put it. I was 12 years old and trust had never been an issue for me, but that year brought on many changes. On a beautiful Saturday afternoon my whole outlook on life changed. On a day that seemed like so many before, my brother-in-law raped me. Dealing with that was more than I knew how to handle. The betrayal of the one person I thought I could trust only added to the pain. A few weeks passed before I could even bring myself to tell Michelle. He had made me feel like it was my fault, that I had done something to deserve it. He has also convinced me that if my sister found out it would cause her to lose the baby she was carrying. At that time I really didnt know any better so I believed him. Finally I realized I had to tell someone and of course Michelle was who I turned to. I explained what happened, how it made me feel, how it made me view things. Never in my life did I think she would tell anyone. Once again I was wrong, within three days it seemed the whole school knew. To make matters worse Michelle told people that it had been my fault. That it wasnt rape at all, that I had agreed to it. Even worse she told them I was pregnant by him. I couldnt understand how she could do something like that to me. Here I was trying to cope with what had been done to me physically and she betrayed me in a way that I couldnt even begin to understand. Granted, in time the talk moved on to something else as it always does in schools, and they all realized that I wasnt pregnant. Still, the damage to me was already done. I learned the hard way the need to be careful who you trust. It is something that was remained with me to this day. After being betrayed by my best friend, it became nearly impossible to trust anyone. Betrayed by my best friend By eschewing 123

Performance Management Program

Performance Management Program Introduction A performance management system to work properly and effectively its design has to be considered carefully and planned well. A good performance management system is purposely for the elevation of employees’ performance and in effect, improves on business productivity hence the management should endeavor to find a good system that delivers the object of the company. Basically, a performance management system should have four benefits (Dun and Bradstreet 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Management Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It should clearly understand what the job expects. It should give regular feedback on performance. Advice on steps of improving performance Finally, it should reward performance. Communication is important to any company, as research shows that managers with poor communication and poor interpersonal skills often than not lead to the downfall of the company, therefore, all managers should be trained on how to conduct fair, nonjudgmental and consistent appraisal. A performance program should provide a guideline for improvement and Institute basic policies, deal with poor performance and employee weakness. In establishing the system you should decide whether you will provide training or mentoring for weak employees and also set guidelines on improvement of timelines. A system should incorporate employee input. The system should also input staff suggestions. Finally, a well performing employee should be rewarded or compensated. Rewards improve employee morale and generate loyalty within the company and foster improvement. However, performance appraisal and pay hikes are a highly contested issue.critics have been of the opinion that tying the two would be punishing underachieving employees. Employees should be constantly rewarded for their hard work (United States Department of Commerce par. 5). Discussion The IRS performance manag ement program is a good example of a working system that has improved the performance of IRS employees. The IRS performance management system has established critical job responsibility for frontline employees who align with the agencies three strategic goals. This system provides responsibilities and supporting behaviors on how the daily activities of the frontline employees and managers should reflect the organizations core values, for example. The responsibility of customer’s satisfaction aligns with the strategic goal of top quality service to each taxpayer in every interaction. The goal of leadership and equal opportunity supports the agencies goal of an open air and fair work environment (General Accounting office 1). IRS evaluates its frontline employees on five critical responsibilities, customer satisfaction, knowledge, quality business results and employee contribution. All this aligned with IRS strategic goals. The IRS performance management system attempts to assi st managers and employees to develop their commitment and hold them accountable for meeting their commitments they are required to be clear, achievable, specific, outcome or output oriented and easy to monitor.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A number of initiatives have been implemented by IRS to improve its performance management system. In this, it realized that it needed to redesign its performance management to better communicate the behaviors constituting customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction and make sure employees adopt the newly desired behavior in their day to day activities. This has led to IRS undertaking several initiatives, which include; Conducting an interactive conference with all the employees on the new management system. Distribution of computer discs for easier access to information and posting of information on the IRS intranet. And pr oviding interim guidance and templates of simple commitment, self-assessment and summary evaluation. Conclusion However, on the downside, the IRS monitoring mechanism to assertions of the implementation of the employee performance management system has not been effected properly. The monitoring mechanism could provide useful information properly. A monitoring methodology should be developed, and once it’s set up it can be used for several years. This methodology can help prevent potential problems and can help avoid cost associated with employee performance (General account office 6). Dun Bradstreet. Setting Up of a Performance Management System. Web. United States Office the Secretary of Commerce, Performance Management  System. Web. United States General Accounting Office, Performance Management System IRS’s  Systems for Frontline Employees and Managers Align with Strategic Goals but Improvements Can Be Made. Web.

Crime Causation and Diversion Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime Causation and Diversion - Research Paper Example In general, these programs try to alleviate crime and recidivism, alter the juvenile offender’s attitudes and behaviors, target reduction of cost in the juvenile justice system and provide protection of a juvenile’s criminal record (Delta County, 2012). Major goals, objectives and beliefs Cognitive-behavioral programming aims to ensure that the young adults under this program should be able to learn important life skills, problem solving, conflict resolution, critical thinking and reasoning skills (Denver District Attorney’s Office, 2012). In other words, this program is generally all about life skills training in which it seeks to give the best opportunity for juveniles to learn the most essential things in life rather than committing crimes and other related unlawful activities. Community service on the other hand usually exposes the clients or youths to activities such as graffiti removal, trash pick-up, providing help to food banks, homeless shelters and comm unity events upon request (Denver District Attorney’s Office, 2012). ... For example, graffiti removal, a simple activity from a straightforward unlawful act, will substantially help the clients understand the value of being responsible for certain things in life. In other words, community service is believed to substantially divert the youth’s attention to things that would make them become responsible citizen with a high sense of purpose in life. How do these programs work Cognitive-behavioral programming would substantially help reduce crime because young people would basically learn to maximize their potential which in the long run would make them productive individuals in the society. Juveniles are known to be potentially able to commit crimes because the bottom line is that they might have different perceptions about the world which can make them become likely to pose certain dangers (Champion, 2010). This can be basically illustrated on their actual behaviors which at some point would result to vandalism, theft, and other bloody or heinous c rimes such as rape, murder, robbery and the list goes on. In other words, young people can become so serious and even pose a significant potential threat to the society because the crimes they committed could speak about how their minds could become so violent and harmful at some point. Thus, cognitive-behavioral programming would actually make sense because this program substantially diverts the cognitive capability of young adults to things that would help them develop their skills, reasoning and mental ability instead of giving focus on things that could lead them to creating detestable matters under the law. Community service on the other hand, as a community program for juveniles to divert their attention to productive things, ensures that juveniles should become more responsible citizen

Celebrity culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Celebrity culture - Essay Example Here the concept of becoming an icon or even any mythical quotable legend arises. In modern world, business has surfaced that makes use of the same concept in marketing, selling, propagating of concepts, methods, trends and preferences. To get into the rudimentary details of what has been happening around one has to grasp the concept of celebrity culture. This culture refers to the popularizing of certain people or group that have certain attributes considered exceptional. These attributes, during the last decade were compulsorily entailed characteristics and dispositions like virtue, abilities, decency and intelligence. Today this culture has become a mix of positive and negative sides like fame and infamy. It is important to idealize the concept of celebrity culture before getting into the details. People today have a great latitude and capacity to sway in accordance with their desires. Albert Einstein, Galileo, Stephen Hawking and so forth, provide examples of those who worked had to enlighten the world with the jewels of science. They earned a genuine value for becoming a celebrity. But, an important thing here is the mentioning of people who earn such status with the help of infamy. They are being accused of promoting sex, drugs, crimes and such abnormal antisocial activities to become a celebrity. Role of media, that is actually the vehicle of this culture, is being accentuated. The celebrity culture is not new. In olden times, lords and kings used their resources to make them a god-like figure. In the case of pharaohs we see the same culture that had them build massive structures and great social influence on the lives of their subject. Herostratus, a Greek figure, in 665 BC burnt the temple of Artemis in a bid to become popular. This move of his was a typical attention pulling and heroism oriented. Later, his name was taken surreptitiously rather than openly by the youth due to governmental decree. This shows that the phenomenon that drives the celebrit y culture is not modern. We see that virtuous and pious people as the holy Abrahamic books reveal about, were such celebrated characters and personalities that are even revered in their posterity. The case of the death of Socrates is known to all and he has posthumously been venerated a lot among great men. In this culture people strive for achieving a status by the dint of their intellect and other abilities, some make use of vicious methods like dating with rich or daring in a reality TV for such fame. Thus it is point to ponder that this culture has made lives superficial and eccentric behaviours are seen. Some say that bizarre behaviour can bring a lot of attention and fame for being heretic or norm breaker. We see that religious books are replete with histories of people who achieve posthumous fame. Stories of Pharaohs and tyrants are told in a lot more number causing them to become a mythical creature. Another aspect of celebrity culture is that it causes a change in dispositi on of the audience as far as their living and behaviours are concerned. People try to seek ways that can bring fame to them and they adopt ways of those people who are their celebrities. We see that today many crimes related to getting rich through easy way, being popular in a little time are often attributed to these desires. The moods and mental abilities tend to stick to these role models so that there can be any

Microsoft Analysis Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Microsoft Analysis - Term Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to analyze the operations of Microsoft using a variety of business analytic tools Mission, Vision, Stakeholders The mission statement of Microsoft Corporation is â€Å"Our mission and values are to help people and businesses throughout the world realize their full potential† (Microsoft, 2011). As a public company the firm’s actions must comply with the best interest of a variety of stakeholder groups. Some of the stakeholders that Microsoft must respond too are the shareholders, employees, board of directors, executive management team, suppliers, lenders, community, and the government. The company has tremendous aspirations and visions for the future. â€Å"At Microsoft, we believe the most engaging digital experiences will grow out of the combination of four things: smart devices, cloud-based services, natural forms of interaction between people and technology, and finally, people’s imaginations† (Microsoft, 2011). Five forces of Competition The threat of new entrants in the software industry is high. There are thousands of software companies in the marketplace. It is possible that one of these companies might be able to develop a new operating system to compete directly with Microsoft. In the gaming segment it seems as if the industry operates as an oligopoly with Sony and Nintendo being the only competitors. It takes billions of dollars and years of research to develop a new gaming console. The bargaining power of suppliers is low. Microsoft can take advantage of economies of scale to get better prices from suppliers. The bargaining power of buyers is medium low. Buyers are willing to pay the market price for software despite its relative high prices. The buyer power increases during certain seasons such as Christmas. The threat of substitute is medium. In terms of operating system I would classify the buyer power as low due to the lack of real substitute despite the existence of Linux and Mac computer s. In the gaming industry substitute are medium since there are only two competitors. The rivalry among firms competing in the industry is high. Due to the intense competition companies have to spend a lot of money on marketing. SWOT One of the strengths of Microsoft is its strong economic position and history of outstanding financial performance. The company’s equity is considered a blue chip stock. The company generated in 2011 sales of $69.94 billion. During the past five years the sales of the company have increased by 36.81%. The net income of the firm in 2011 was $23,150 billion. In comparison of the previous year the net income of the company increased by an outstanding margin of 23.40%. The market capitalization of Microsoft is $216.19 billion. The net margin of the firm in 2011 was 33%. The average net margin in the software industry is a mere 1.9% (Dun & Bradstreet, 2011). The net margin of Microsoft was 17.36 times higher than the industry average in 2010. The divi dend yield of the company was 3.10%. A second strength of Microsoft is the brand value of the company. Microsoft has the leader software industry largely due to the superior design of its operating systems programs. The current version of the Operating system Microsoft is selling is Windows 7. The customers of computers visualize Microsoft as the top brand in the industry. Due to the preference of customers for Windows product the majority of new computers come equipped with Microsoft operating systems. Another strength

Plato The repubic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plato The repubic - Essay Example Socrates did not leave his teachings in writing but Plato incorporated most of them in his many books. Socrates arguments exemplified and clarified to his listeners the various philosophical concepts. Socrates utilized various intricately woven arguments to illustrate such philosophical constructs. The conception of abstract ideas of beauty and justice are illustrated in the statement "we shall conclude then that those who behold beautiful things but cannot see beauty itself- and will not permit another to guide then to where it is- who observes many just things but do not see justice itself and think this way in all other things, such as men have opinions about everything but know nothing of what they profess to believe" (Republic, Book V, 479). Socrates begins his argument about the abstraction of the idea of beauty by emphasizing the excessive importance normally attached to the perception that philosophers have compared to the other groups. He believes that the rulers of the days, have natures quite distinct of those of philosophers. Rulers like other 'men of pleasure' are clouded and limited in their views of beauty. He cites the examples of the lovers who are so overwhelmed by there emotions of affection, love and attachment that "They love all, and turn blemishes into beauties. The snub-nosed youth is said to have a winning grace; the beak of another has a royal look; the featureless are faultless; the dark are manly, the fair angels; the sickly have a new term of endearment invented expressly for them, which is 'honey-pale.'Similarly lovers of wine and lovers of ambition also desire the objects of their affection in every form"(Republic, Book V) "As you are a man of pleasure, you will not have forgotten how indiscrim inate lovers are in their attachments; they love all, and turn blemishes into beauties. The snub-nosed youth is said to have a winning grace; the beak of another has a royal look; the featureless are faultless; the dark are manly, the fair angels; the sickly have a new term of endearment invented expressly for them, which is 'honey-pale.' Lovers of wine and lovers of ambition also desire the objects of their affection in every form. Now here comes the point:--The philosopher too is a lover of knowledge in every form; he has an insatiable curiosity. 'But will curiosity make a philosopher" (Republic, Book V) However the philosophical crux is missed in the process. For instance the philosophers are also lovers of knowledge in all form and also have a greedy curiosity to extend this knowledge to infinite. However the presence of mere curiosity doesn't imply that a philosophical attitude or approach is present. These philosophers attitude realizes that the brief and finite life the philosopher is more inward oriented to the soul. It is his soul that is hungrier for knowledge. We will never satisfy our real appetites without reason and to get reason ruling, we have to pass through the worldly appetites of wealth, power etc. A philosopher seeks honour and love. He is not frightened of death as he is less driven by the worldly appetite and more by the appetites of the soul like he seeks ho nour. The philosophical soul believes that there is something after death. And that it's a practice of death "Aporia" is state and place of not knowing. Real philosophical education is falling into a kind of death "here is the man

Essay on Womenand Film Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On Womenand Film - Essay Example Boys Don’t Cry explores a number of themes including identity, empowerment, freedom, and courage. However, gender representation underpins all these themes. This paper will examine the representation of gender in Boys Don’t Cry, describing the key aspects of gender representation both in society and in the film. Representation of gender in the film adds force to the patriarchal norms held by the society. Discussions of the topic of gender in film owe their origins to conventional feminist film theorists who considered films as male-dominated and immensely guilty of gender stereotyping. In this examination of Boys Don’t Cry, the popular gender theory becomes highly applicable to determine the degree to which gender representation supports stereotypes. The Jacques Lacan and Sigmund Freud developed the psychoanalytical theory that profoundly influenced the early feminist film theory (Herz 51). However, the psychoanalytic theory had substantive problems such as its p hallic-centric basis. This led to the development of alternative discussion mechanisms such as the cultural studies mechanism. In this analysis of Boys Don’t Cry, I will utilize both approaches to cover the entire scope of gender representation. ... Male characters define women by their appearances; for instance, during the bar scene, Candace is the object of the male gaze owing to her attractiveness; then later, the facade changes to that of a mother. Lana, on the other hand, is the object of both Brandon and John’s voyeuristic or sexual gaze. This essentially means that men consider women as sex objects placed in the world for their pleasure. In contrast, men in the film are far too active to become the focus of a sexual gaze. According to Mulvey (37), this phenomenon is essential because of men’s fear to acknowledge homoerotic desires. In addition, it is only acceptable for a man to be represented as a spectacle if such representation unites with the narrative to place emphasis on the man’s active role in the storyline. This exemplifies the stereotype of gender roles where males are subjective beings and females are objective, the objects of males’ desires. Distinctively, the character of Brandon, nonetheless, appears to be at odds with this perception. This is because several scenes in Boys Don’t Cry focus primarily on Brandon’s sexual appearance. Notably, Brandon’s appearance becomes central to the narrative without the element of action. This warrants the question if a similar tactics would apply if Brandon were a male. If Brandon were, in reality, a male, this would raise questions of homoeroticism, but since he is perceived as a female, this suggestion becomes inapplicable. In addition, Brandon’s attention to detail as she creates her male persona echoes the contemporary views on image construction, in which the female body is highly industrialized – for instance, for a woman to attain femininity, she must

Plato The repubic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plato The repubic - Essay Example Socrates did not leave his teachings in writing but Plato incorporated most of them in his many books. Socrates arguments exemplified and clarified to his listeners the various philosophical concepts. Socrates utilized various intricately woven arguments to illustrate such philosophical constructs. The conception of abstract ideas of beauty and justice are illustrated in the statement "we shall conclude then that those who behold beautiful things but cannot see beauty itself- and will not permit another to guide then to where it is- who observes many just things but do not see justice itself and think this way in all other things, such as men have opinions about everything but know nothing of what they profess to believe" (Republic, Book V, 479). Socrates begins his argument about the abstraction of the idea of beauty by emphasizing the excessive importance normally attached to the perception that philosophers have compared to the other groups. He believes that the rulers of the days, have natures quite distinct of those of philosophers. Rulers like other 'men of pleasure' are clouded and limited in their views of beauty. He cites the examples of the lovers who are so overwhelmed by there emotions of affection, love and attachment that "They love all, and turn blemishes into beauties. The snub-nosed youth is said to have a winning grace; the beak of another has a royal look; the featureless are faultless; the dark are manly, the fair angels; the sickly have a new term of endearment invented expressly for them, which is 'honey-pale.'Similarly lovers of wine and lovers of ambition also desire the objects of their affection in every form"(Republic, Book V) "As you are a man of pleasure, you will not have forgotten how indiscrim inate lovers are in their attachments; they love all, and turn blemishes into beauties. The snub-nosed youth is said to have a winning grace; the beak of another has a royal look; the featureless are faultless; the dark are manly, the fair angels; the sickly have a new term of endearment invented expressly for them, which is 'honey-pale.' Lovers of wine and lovers of ambition also desire the objects of their affection in every form. Now here comes the point:--The philosopher too is a lover of knowledge in every form; he has an insatiable curiosity. 'But will curiosity make a philosopher" (Republic, Book V) However the philosophical crux is missed in the process. For instance the philosophers are also lovers of knowledge in all form and also have a greedy curiosity to extend this knowledge to infinite. However the presence of mere curiosity doesn't imply that a philosophical attitude or approach is present. These philosophers attitude realizes that the brief and finite life the philosopher is more inward oriented to the soul. It is his soul that is hungrier for knowledge. We will never satisfy our real appetites without reason and to get reason ruling, we have to pass through the worldly appetites of wealth, power etc. A philosopher seeks honour and love. He is not frightened of death as he is less driven by the worldly appetite and more by the appetites of the soul like he seeks ho nour. The philosophical soul believes that there is something after death. And that it's a practice of death "Aporia" is state and place of not knowing. Real philosophical education is falling into a kind of death "here is the man

Marketing-A Hotel Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing-A Hotel Perspective - Essay Example â€Å"Marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and freely exchanging products and services of value with others† - Philip Kotler Marketing is the economic process by which goods and services are exchanged between the producer and the consumer and their values determined in terms of money prices. Marketing originates with the recognition of a need on the part of a consumer and terminates with the satisfaction of that need by the delivery of a usable product at the right time, at the right place and at an acceptable price. Marketing is a key function of management. It brings success to business organization. A business organization performs two key functions producing goods and services and making them available to potential customers for use. An organization business success largely depends on how efficiently the products and services are delivered to customers and how differently do the customers perceive the difference in delivery in comparison to the competitors. This is true of all firms – from large business enterprises to small firms, from multinationals operating in different countries to small firms operating in small markets

American Me Essay Example for Free

American Me Essay The film; American Me is an epic depiction of 30 years of Chicano gang life in Los Angeles, California. The movie focuses on the life of a 1950s teen named Montoya Santana, who forms a gang with his close friends. The gang is arrested for a break-in, and sentenced to time in juvenile hall. Santana finds trouble on his first night in juvenile hall and goes from juvenile hall to prison for 18 years. There he created and led a powerful gang that operated both inside and outside the prison. When released from Folsom Prison, he tries to make sense of the violence in his life, in a world that has changed greatly. Inspired by a true story, the film provides a fictionalized account of the founding and rise to power of the Mexican Mafia in the California prison system from the 1950s into the 1980s. The story opens by taking the viewer on a journey back in time to the Zoot Suit era of World War II before the birth of Montoya Santana. Santana’s parents were Zoot Suitors. It is here that Santana’s destiny began. Because of the wartime labor shortage of this era, the American and Mexican governments agreed to a program by which braceros (contract laborers) were admitted to the United States for a limited time to work at specific jobs.. Mexican Americans were the second largest group of migrants after Black Americans in the 1940s. The influx of Mexican Americans created societal change. â€Å"The sudden expansion of Mexican American neighborhoods created tensions and some conflicts within white society and governmental bodies. White residents of Los Angeles became alarmed at the activities of Mexican American teenagers, most of whom were joining street gangs. Zoot Suits became popular (baggy pants, long loose jacket, the big collar, the long watch chain, the slicked back hair, broad-brimmed hats), which became a symbol of rebellion against conventional white society† (www. stuffliketaht. org, 2010). Thus the term, Zoot Suit was born. â€Å"In Mid-1943, a four-day riot in LA broke out because of the hatred toward the Zoot-suitors. White sailors invaded Mexican American communities and attacked Zoot Suitors. The city police did nothing to restrain the sailors, who grabbed the Hispanic teenagers, tore off and burned their clothes, cut off their hair, and beat them. However, when Hispanics tried to fight back, the police moved in and arrested them. After the Zoot Suit riots, LA passed a law prohibiting the wearing Zoot Suits† (www. stufflikethat. org, 2010) It was during these riots that Santana’s parents Pedro and Esperanza were attacked. After being beaten, Pedro was arrested by local police for being a Zoot Suitor. Violently raped, Esperanza had her clothes torn off by a multitude of Caucasian sailors. The film brings the viewer forward in time to 1959 with Santana as a young man of 16 growing up in the barrios with his friends and fellow gang members Mundo and JD. After being arrested and sent to juvenile hall, Santana has his â€Å"manhood† taken from him on the first night and murders the man who sodomized him. The power and respect that killing this man brought from his peers was intoxicating; his act also brought him a long prison sentence. During many years of incarceration, Santana and his gang affiliates grew their business and their numbers both inside and outside the prison. Upon his release from prison, he was surprised how much life and the barrios had changed. Santana struggled as he observed the power plays between the Italian mafia, the Black Guerillas, and the Aryan Brotherhood. They all wanted more territory and more business. This created internal conflict for the main character as the roots of his belief about his gang Por Vida (for life) was to lift and strengthen the Chicano communities. . His associates saw this internal struggle as weakness. Santana’s challenges in society were appropriate socialization and healthy behavior in romantic relationships. After a short time on the outside, Santana is arrested, and returned to prison. It is here that Santana’s life ends. He is brutally murdered by his gang associates for not going along with a decision. The Santana family lived in the same home in the barrios (ghetto) of East Los Angeles for some 30 years, their economic status described as poor working class. Santana’s’ parents were Mexican American. Santana’s ethnicity is partially unknown, as he was born as a product of his mothers’ rape. Some of Santana’s strengths were his strong family and neighborhood ties, his abilities to organize and lead people, his loyalty, and pride. He also had a very sensitive side to him, which was deep, poetic, and soulful. The primary presenting issues of the character Santana are: He comes from a background of poverty, lacking education and job skills. His neighborhood role models and leaders were gangbangers or Zoot Suitors. He spent most of his life institutionalized in prison and lacks socialization skills, such as knowing how to buy a pair of shoes or how to go about build relationship with a woman. He has never had a healthy sexual relationship and his sexual and relational development was largely thwarted by living in prison. The main character would be well served with supports in assessing and developing career skills and opportunities for continuing education as well. A human service worker could best help assist Santana by having knowledge of the culture background, local cultural competency support and resources, pertinent cultural information and have certain skills that are common to assisting with minority individuals and groups. These common skills include communication, access to interpreters, assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation, drawing upon a range of theories of human and group behavior, knowledge of individual differences and the minority identity development model and stages for change, and an awareness of the larger social context of Santana’s. â€Å"To be an effective human service worker, it is important to apply various skills with an understanding of relevant theories and minority identity models and be able to choose appropriate intervention strategies and methods for particular situations. There is no substitute for working with individuals or groups; an important part of enhancing a workers intervention skills is obtaining hands-on experience† (Human services Interventions, 2002). Some culturally competent local support services and agencies suggested for Santana are as follows: â€Å"Friends-CARE is a nonprofit organization designed to break the cycle of generational crime. Its purpose is to raise awareness regarding the children and families of the incarcerated. Friends-CARE does provide services, intervention, community resources, and programs for these families and supports the appropriate relationships between inmates and their families upon returning to the community† (www. friends-Care. org, 2010). California Gangs Anonymous (CGA) â€Å"CGA is a twelve step program for criminals and gang members both inside and outside the prison system. Participants attend meetings regularly and express the genuine details, past and present of their lives, CGA is a place to let our emotions out freely in a safe environment. CGA is about honesty, hope, solutions, and alternatives to living a happier life† (www.cganon. com 2010). Sacramento Food Bank and Family Services – â€Å"Adult Education program provides unique learning opportunities to adults at no cost in a supportive, highly personalized and non-judgmental environment. Education is provided in the classroom setting as well as through one-on-one tutoring and appointments. All services are free to the community and open to adults over the age of 18. Educational services include tutoring in literacy, math, reading and writing, English as a Second Language (ESL) classes, assistance with job searches, resume building workshops, computer basics classes in English and Spanish† (www.sfbfs. org, 2010). After evaluation of Santana’s background and presenting issues, the assessors recommend an intervention treatment plan consisting of the above-mentioned community resources Criminals/Gang Members Anonymous for working through what it means to be gang affiliated, Friends-CARE as an external support including participating in a program intended to build/re-build family relationships after incarceration. As these family relationships may serve as strong supports as the client moves away from gang related activities and individuals. Additionally, the SFBFS Adult Education Program, where Santana can build his English-speaking skills, acquires an education, job skills, and takes computer classes. Socialization and sexual socialization therapy is strongly suggested. The founding and rise of the Mexican mafia in 1950s East Los Angeles was inevitable. The wartime indecencies to the previous Mexican American generation known as the Zoot-suitors caused a community to want to stand strongly as a people. A natural and inherent part of Mexican culture is to gather, to band together as family and friends in strength and celebration. Perhaps a Mexican gang is a distorted extension of this natural inclination to gather and join in strength caused by acculturation present within white society. References CGA (n. d. ). CGA. Retrieved August 30, 2010, from www. cganon. org (n. d. ). History Review Sheet. Retrieved August 30,2010, from www. stufflikethat. org/minorities Human Service Interventions (2002). Working with Individuals or with Groups. Retrieved August 31, 2010, from http://www. cpcs. umb. edu/support/studentsupport/red_book/humser_intervention_one. htm Sacramento Food Bank and Family Services. (). SFBFS [Brochure]. Sacramento, CA: Author. Universal (Producer), Olnos, E. J. (Director).

Perception Du Risque Et Intention French Essay

Perception Du Risque Et Intention French Essay La faible absorption par les Economies en Dà ©veloppement des ressources humaines qualifià ©es renforce le dà ©bat sur la nà ©cessità © de favoriser linsertion des jeunes par des initiatives autres que le travail salarià © ou le fonctionnariat. Diffà ©rentes initiatives sont prises allant jusquà   la crà ©ation des fonds dinsertion des jeunes par la mise à   disposition des crà ©dits de dà ©marrage et des structures daccompagnement. Malgrà © ces initiatives incitatives, beaucoup de jeunes ne sont pas candidats. Quelles sont les raisons possibles de cette rà ©ticence? une faible culture entrepreneuriale de ces jeunes ou une perception-menace du risque? une faible prà ©fà ©rence au risque? la perception du risque a-t-elle une influence sur leur prà ©disposition future à   crà ©er leurs propres entreprises? Cette recherche tente de rà ©pondre à   ces questions à   partir dune à ©tude de terrain menà ©e auprà ¨s de 500 à ©tudiants de cinq filià ¨res de formation. Mots clà ©s: Entrepreneuriat, Perception du risque, Prà ©fà ©rence au risque, intention entrepreneuriale Perception du risque et intention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants: une recherche comparative entre à ©tudiants en commerceet dautres formations universitaires au Bà ©nin RESUME La faible absorption par les Economies en Dà ©veloppement des ressources humaines qualifià ©es renforce le dà ©bat sur la nà ©cessità © de favoriser linsertion des jeunes par des initiatives autres que le travail salarià © ou le fonctionnariat. Diffà ©rentes initiatives sont prises allant jusquà   la crà ©ation des fonds dinsertion des jeunes par la mise à   disposition des crà ©dits de dà ©marrage et des structures daccompagnement. Malgrà © ces initiatives incitatives, beaucoup de jeunes ne sont pas candidats. Quelles sont les raisons possibles de cette rà ©ticence? une faible culture entrepreneuriale de ces jeunes ou une perception-menace du risque? une faible prà ©fà ©rence au risque? la perception du risque a-t-elle une influence sur leur prà ©disposition future à   crà ©er leurs propres entreprises? Cette recherche tente de rà ©pondre à   ces questions à   partir dune à ©tude de terrain menà ©e auprà ¨s de 500 à ©tudiants de cinq filià ¨res de formation. Mots clà ©s: Entrepreneuriat, Perception du risque, Prà ©fà ©rence au risque, intention entrepreneuriale Introduction Le dà ©veloppement du systà ¨me à ©ducatif à   travers la multiplication et la diversification des offres de formation permet aux nations de se doter des ressources humaines qualifià ©es pour animer divers secteurs de la vie à ©conomique et sociale. En consà ©quence chaque annà ©e, ce sont des milliers de jeunes diplà ´mà ©s qui sont libà ©rà ©s de nos università ©s et divers centres de formation pour à ªtre  «versà ©s » sur le marchà © de lemploi. Malheureusement sur ce marchà ©, le permanent dà ©sà ©quilibre qui existe entre loffre et la demande contraint gà ©nà ©ralement le surplus de demandeurs demploi au chà ´mage. Toute jeunesse à   travers le monde et en particulier celle des pays pauvres dAfrique est gà ©nà ©ralement victime de tels dà ©sà ©quilibres socio-à ©conomiques et professionnels. Face à   cette situation, les jeunes diplà ´mà ©s se comportement diffà ©remment selon les pays afin de soffrir des opportunità ©s de rà ©ussite dans le urs vies professionnelles privà ©es. Si dans les pays dà ©veloppà ©s, on note un cadre stimulant à   linitiative privà ©e, cest le cas contraire en Afrique. En effet, pour les contextes dà ©veloppà ©s, Hernandez (2006) souligne que face aux difficiles contraintes de la socià ©tà © postmoderne, sinvestir dans son propre projet professionnel, dans la crà ©ation de sa propre organisation, peut à ªtre vu comme une faà §on de redonner du sens à   une vie qui en manque de plus en plus. En Afrique, trà ¨s peu dentre eux arrivent à   prendre des initiatives personnelles pour crà ©er leur propre entreprise. Les quelques uns qui parviennent à   initier ont tendance à   imiter exactement ce qui se fait dà ©jà   sur le marchà ©, une attitude contraire à   ce qui caractà ©rise lentrepreneur dans la tradition Schumpetà ©rienne et rappelà © par Fonrouge (2008): lentrepreneur est celui qui propose de nouvelles combinaisons de produit et/ou manià ¨res de faire, donc un inno vateur. Pour la majorità © dentre eux en Afrique, cest la logique de  «lemploi à   tout prix »[1] (Sogbossi, 2005). Cest ainsi que par exemple au Bà ©nin, un phà ©nomà ¨ne connu gà ©nà ©ralement sous le nom de  «vacation » a vu le jour. Il consiste pour les jeunes cadres sortis des università ©s à   prendre dassaut les à ©tablissements denseignements secondaires pour y donner des cours dans lespoir du mieux. Sil est vrai que ce phà ©nomà ¨ne contribue fortement à   combler le dà ©ficit trop criard denseignants dans ces à ©tablissements, il nen demeure pas moins vrai que cela constitue un và ©ritable manque à   gagner aussi bien pour ces jeunes que pour tout le pays en gà ©nà ©ral. Malgrà © leurs formations qui font deux des gestionnaires, des à ©conomistes, des sociologues, des juristes etc., ces jeunes sont obligà ©s de donner des cours de Mathà ©matiques, de Sciences Physiques et Chimiques, de Biologies, de Franà §ais, dAnglais etc. dautres par contre finissent par regagner des professions militaires et paramilitaires afin de se garantir un emploi dà ©finitif. Cest donc dire que ces jeunes cherchent essentiellement à   soffrir un emploi salarià ©. Ils sont prà ªts à   tout sauf la crà ©ation dune entreprise. Ils sont presque tous obsà ©dà ©s par lidà ©e de gagner un emploi salarià © que lon est tentà © de conclure quils ont une aversion pour lentrepreneuriat. Cette situation contraste avec les conclusions de Hetezel (2006) pour les pays dà ©veloppà ©s. Dans son rapport, cet auteur souligne la forte tendance des jeunes à   entreprendre en donnant lexemple du passage chaque annà ©e de 8000 jeunes diplà ´mà ©s environ de lenseignement supà ƒ ©rieur du statut dà ©tudiant à   celui de crà ©ateur ou repreneur. Hernandez (2006) explique cette forte propension à   crà ©er par le fait que lindividu dà ©sorientà © dans sa vie privà ©e comme dans sa vie professionnelle, est en quà ªte de sens. Cest lune des raisons pour lesquelles lentrepreneuriat est aujourdhui devenu un enjeu important pour plusieurs nations. Basso (2005) explique cet enjeu par le fait que là ©mergence dun avenir radicalement non prà ©visible appelle la nà ©cessità © dune nouvelle posture volontariste, qui cherchera à   maà ®triser le risque en construisant son propre destin. En expliquant les facteurs dexistence de lentrepreneuriat chez les migrants maliens et sà ©nà ©galais en France, Dieng (2000) fait ressortir que la raretà © de lemploi, les difficultà ©s et la volontà © dune meilleure insertion à ©conomique et sociale entraà ®nent le dà ©veloppement de lentrepreneuriat chez ceux-ci. Il apparaà ®t alors que la capacità © des nouvelles entreprises à   gà ©nà ©rer de la croissance à ©conomique, des emplois et de linnovation justifie dailleurs amplement lintà ©rà ªt quelles suscitent. Devant cet enjeu, les milieux universitaires sont amenà ©s à   jouer un rà ´le de plus en plus actif, notamment en offrant des formations et supports à   leurs à ©tudiants de faà §on à   rendre la carrià ¨re entrepreneuriale plus accessible. Cette implication des università ©s est dautant plus importante dans le contexte actuel de la nouvelle à ©conomie oà ¹ les à ©tudiants sont de plus en plus amenà ©s à   considà ©rer cette avenue profession nelle (Gasse et al. 2006). Si un grand nombres duniversità ©s dà ©veloppent activement leurs liens avec le monde professionnel à   travers la formation professionnelle continue, les sà ©minaires, les projets de recherche conjoints, †¦ (Dontriaux, 1992), trà ¨s peu dinitiatives similaires existent dans les pays sous-dà ©veloppà ©s. Dans un tel contexte de faible culture entrepreneuriale et donc peu incitatif, lentrepreneuriat peut apparaà ®tre pour les jeunes diplà ´mà ©s comme est un acte hautement risquà © quil faut sabstenir dembrasser si on ne dispose pas dimportants moyens financiers et matà ©riels, et dun soutien indà ©fectible de son entourage. Alors que la situation de pauvretà © amà ¨ne les populations à   se battre autrement, on sà ©tonne de lattitude des jeunes diplà ´mà ©s, une attitude axà ©e sur lattente dun emploi salarià © et la rà ©ticence à   la crà ©ation. Un tel à ©tat des choses suscite assez dinterrogations dont une a particulià ¨rement retenu notre attention:  ¶ comment les jeunes à ©tudiants bà ©ninois perà §oivent-ils le risque entrepreneurial et quelle est leur prà ©fà ©rence au risque? Par ailleurs, Lentrepreneuriat entendu au sens strict comme une actività © crà ©atrice de nouvelles organisations, est considà ©rà © comme un phà ©nomà ¨ne producteur demploi et de richesse. Malheureusement, force est de constater que pour la jeunesse, lidà ©e dentrepreneuriat est source dune peur nourrie par la crainte de là ©chec. La crà ©ation dune entreprise, aussi passionnante quelle puisse paraà ®tre, comporte à ©galement des risques à ©normes. Par consà ©quent, elle ne saurait à ªtre une improvisation de la part de son auteur, mais plutà ´t le fruit dune intention nourrie auparavant de rà ©flexions et danalyses profondes. Dà ¨s lors, quelle est lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants en fin de formation? Enfin, en dehors de la perception du risque, des à ©tudes ont dà ©montrà © que les prà ©dispositions entrepreneuriales sont le fruit de plusieurs facteurs: les facteurs denvironnement (là ©volution des personnes dans des milieux donnà ©s) et les facteurs individuels (les promoteurs dentreprise possà ¨dent certaines caractà ©ristiques particulià ¨res). Gasse (2003) explique par exemple que la dà ©cision dentreprendre repose sur trois dimensionsfondamentales: la dà ©sirabilità ©[2], la faisabilità © perà §ue, la crà ©ation (les moyens). Lentrepreneuriat à ©tant avant tout une faà §on dà ªtre, un style de vie, la dà ©sirabilità © est influencà ©e par la famille et les proches, le milieu immà ©diat, le profil psychologique, lexpà ©rience, là ¢ge, le niveau dinstruction et de compà ©tence, le type de formation . Cest donc dire que le goà »t pour lentrepreneuriat peut à ªtre lià © au type de formation. Ainsi, Est-ce que la filià ¨re de formation des à ©tudiant s a-t-elle une influence sur leur intention entrepreneuriale? A travers ces questions, lobjectif gà ©nà ©ral de cette recherche est danalyser la perception du risque et lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants en fin de formation. Dans un contexte oà ¹ la notion traditionnelle demploi est remplacà ©e par le concept de portefeuille dactività ©s que chacun gà ¨re pour son compte (Hernandez), cette rà ©flexion sur lentrepreneuriat des jeunes en labsence dà ©tudes empiriques dans le contexte bà ©ninois est dun intà ©rà ªt rà ©el. Elle est structurà ©e en quatre parties: la partie thà ©orique, la mà ©thode utilisà ©e, les rà ©sultats et la conclusion. 1. Cadre conceptuel de la recherche Le terme  «entrepreneuriat »[3] est un terme trà ¨s large admis dans un sens individuel, collectif et pour lentreprise en entier. Cet à ©largissement de sens entraà ®ne ainsi, la multitude dacceptations quon retrouve dans la littà ©rature (Leger-Jarniou, 2008). En effet, procà ©dà © mis en place par des individus, lentrepreneuriat identifie de nouvelles opportunità ©s et les convertit en produits ou services commercialisables. Il est aussi laction de constituer une organisation et en particulier la crà ©ation dentreprise. Il recouvre lensemble des actività ©s rà ©elles quelque soit leur nature et susceptibles de procurer des gains futurs (Dieng, 2000). Pour Verstraete et Fayolle (2005), lentrepreneuriat est une  «initiative portà ©e par un individu (ou plusieurs individus sassociant pour loccasion) construisant ou saisissant une opportunità © daffaires (du moins ce qui est apprà ©cià © ou à ©valuà © comme tel) dont le profit nest pas forcà ©ment dordre pà ©cun iaire par limpulsion dune organisation pouvant faire naà ®tre une ou plusieurs entità ©s et crà ©ant de la valeur nouvelle (plus forte dans le cas dune innovation) pour des parties prenantes auxquelles le projet sadresse ». Lentrepreneuriat relie donc lindividu à   une opportunità ©[4], et cest justement dans ce sens que Brush et al. (2003) donneront une dà ©finition de lentrepreneuriat qui prendra en compte les deux notions: entrepreneur et opportunità ©. Pour eux, lentrepreneuriat est une discipline qui à ©tudie le processus par lequel les entrepreneurs identifient, explorent et exploitent une opportunità ©. Ainsi, lentrepreneur est souvent associà © à   la crà ©ation voire de faà §on rà ©solument synonymique (Verstraete, 2000). Ce dernier se rà ©serve, quant à   lui, de donner une dà ©finition de lentrepreneuriat; pour lui, cest un phà ©nomà ¨ne bien trop complexe pour à ªtre rà ©duit à   une simple dà ©finition. Il se rà ©sout à   en donner une plus large: ‘Lentrepreneuriat est un phà ©nomà ¨ne combinant un individu et une organisation, lun se dà ©finissant par rapport à   lautre et vice versa. Lengagement de cet individu dà ©pend de sa perception du risque lià © à   son initiative, une perception qui à   son tour dà ©terminera lintention entrepreneuriale. Ainsi, cette partie thà ©orique abordera successivement le risque entrepreneurial et lintention entrepreneuriale. 1.1 Le risque entrepreneurial et sa perception Pendant longtemps, les chercheurs en entrepreneuriat ont soutenu lidà ©e que crà ©er une entreprise est un comportement risquà ©. Fayolle et al. (2008) ont alors soulignà © que la volontà © à   prendre des risques ou la propension au risque à ©tait le trait de personnalità © qui discriminait les entrepreneurs des non-entrepreneurs. La prise de risque apparaà ®t ainsi comme lune des caractà ©ristiques distinctives du comportement entrepreneurial. Elle demeure au cÅ“ur des diffà ©rentes recherches qui ont abordà © lentrepreneur en ce sens que la crà ©ation dune nouvelle entreprise ou la reprise dune existante est par dà ©finition une aventure tachà ©e de risques. Le risque est prà ©sent dans tout projet, quel que soit lactività © ou le secteur visà ©, il est une consà ©quence à ©vidente de lincertitude et de la contingence dans laquelle baigne chaque projet. Sa perception est alors admise comme un dà ©terminant du comportement entrepreneurial de lindividu. Cette perception a à ©tà © conceptualisà ©e dune manià ¨re gà ©nà ©rale comme une à ©valuation du risque par le dà ©cideur ou lacteur dans une situation donnà ©e. Ainsi, le risque est perà §u comme un dà ©terminant du comportement risquà © et de la prise de dà ©cision entrepreneuriale. Autrement dit, la perception du risque est prà ©sumà ©e à ªtre nà ©gativement associà ©e avec les comportements ou les dà ©cisions risquà ©es et lacte de crà ©ation dentreprise. Macgrimmon et Wehrung (1985) postulaient que «la prise de risque comprend deux composants: le degrà © de risque des situations et la volontà © des individus à   prendre des risques ». Limportance relative de ces à ©là ©ments[5] a à ©voluà © au cours du temps dans la littà ©rature en une autre dimension de perception du risque qui vient de la thà ©orie du comportement planifià © (Ajzen, 1991) et de ses applications dans la littà ©rature en entrepreneuriat. Dans cette thà ©orie, les intentions vis-à  -vis dun comportement donnà © sont dà ©terminà ©es par les attitudes vis-à  -vis du comportement, le degrà © de perception du contrà ´le de ce comportement et les normes subjectives lià ©s à   ce comportement. Ces normes expriment une certaine pression sociale qui est perà §ue par les individus et les poussent à   rà ©aliser le comportement ou à   ne pas le faire. Fayolle et al. (2008) sintà ©ressant aux perceptions du risque associà ©es à   la dà ©cision de crà ©ation dentreprise, ont trouvà © logique dinclure une dimension sociale à   leur à ©chelle de mesure du risque. Au-delà   de tout, dà ©marrer une nouvelle entreprise exige non seulement une capacità © financià ¨re et un engagement personnel, mais aussi un important soutien de la famille et des amis. Inversement, le faire peut avoir des consà ©quences positives et nà ©gatives pour ces deux groupes sociaux. Par ailleurs, le risque est le facteur clà © qui motive les entrepreneurs à   sengager dans le processus de crà ©ation et à ©galement le facteur qui dà ©courage les non-entrepreneurs. Pendant que les uns le perà §oivent comme une opportunità © à   saisir absolument, les autres le voient plutà ´t en termes de menace potentielle quil faut à ©viter. Plusieurs auteurs se sont intà ©ressà ©s à   ces deux aspects du risque entrepreneurial. Dabord une conceptualisation originale du risque entrepreneurial qui sà ©carte des modà ¨les traditionnels basà ©s sur la thà ©orie de lutilità © a à ©tà © prà ©sentà ©e par Dickson et Giglierano (1986). Dans leur modà ¨le, le risque entrepreneurial a deux composantes: le risque dà ©chec[6] et le risque de manquer une opportunità ©[7]. Dans la continuità © des travaux de Dickson et Giglierano, Fayolle et al. (2008) pensent aussi que le risque entrepreneurial est mieux conceptualisà © en termes de risque dà ©chec et de risque de manquer une bonne opportunità ©.En complà ©ment, ces auteurs suggà ¨rent dà ©tendre les idà ©es de Dickson et Giglierano en conceptualisant deux types de risque: Le risque comme une menace et le risque comme une opportunità © En tant que menace, le risque correspond à   la vision classique perà §u à   travers des pertes potentielles, limportance de ces pertes et lincertitude de ces pertes (Mullins et Forlani, 2005; Yates et Stone ,1992).Il correspond à ©galement à   la notion de risque dà ©chec ou  «Sinking the boat » dans lapproche de Dickson et Giglierano En tant quopportunità ©, le risque reprà ©sente la face opposà ©e du risque, perà §u à   travers des gains potentiels, leur importance et leur incertitude. Les gains potentiels sont, bien à ©videmment, la force motrice poussant les entrepreneurs à   agir. La conception du risque comme une opportunità © permet donc une meilleure comprà ©hension des facteurs qui motivent les entrepreneurs, en intà ©grant plus particulià ¨rement des notions telles que le sentiment de regret. Ce dà ©veloppement mà ¨ne à   la proposition suivante: H1: Les à ©tudiants en fin de formation perà §oivent le risque entrepreneurial comme une menace parce quils ont gà ©nà ©ralement peur dentreprendre et prà ©fà ¨rent pour la plupart poursuivre un emploi salarià ©. 1.2 Lintention Entrepreneuriale Le concept de lintention[8] entrepreneuriale a à ©tà © dà ©fini et expliquà © par plusieurs auteurs. Parmi eux, retrouvons Krueger et Carsrud (1993) qui dà ©finissent lintention entrepreneuriale comme une structure cognitive qui conclut les fins et les moyens. Partageant cet avis, Bird (1988) prà ©cise que «celle-ci reprà ©sente un processus cognitif qui naà ®t avec les motivations les besoins, les valeurs et les croyances ». Pour Grant (1996), lintention entrepreneuriale est dà ©finie par les jugements de lindividu sur la probabilità © de possà ©der sa propre entreprise. Ajzen(1991) quant à   lui dà ©finit lintention comme un  «indicateur » de la volontà © à   essayer, de leffort que lon est prà ªt à   consentir pour se comporter dune certaine faà §on. Tournà ©s (2006) souligne quelle est caractà ©risà ©e par la dà ©termination, la rà ©solution et la volontà ©. Au regard de ces dà ©finitions, on pourrait dà ©duire la place quoccupe lintention dans le processus entrepreneurial. En psychologie, lintention sest avà ©rà ©e ainsi à ªtre le meilleur moyen de prà ©voir un comportement planifià ©, particulià ¨rement lorsque ce comportement est rare et difficile à   observer. La crà ©ation dentreprise en est lexemple type dun tel comportement planifià © et intentionnelles. Selon les modà ¨les dintentions entrepreneuriales, lintention prà ©cà ¨de laction. En dehors des actes routiniers oà ¹ laction peut prà ©cà ©der lintention, un comportement intentionnel peut prà ©dire par lintention davoir un comportement donnà ©. Krueger et Carsrud (1993) en concluent que lintention entrepreneuriale a un rà ´le central dans le processus entrepreneurial parce quelle forme un à ©là ©ment de soutien des nouvelles entreprises. Mà ªme si les idà ©es daffaires naissent avec linspiration, Bird (op.cit.) fait remarquer quune attention et une intention soutenues sont nà ©cessaires pour les rendre manifestes. Elle prà ©cise que lintention entrepreneuriale oriente lexpà ©rience et laction vers lobjectif de crà ©ation dentreprise. Ainsi les intentions entrepreneuriales sont essentielles à   la comprà ©hension du processus gà ©nà ©ral dentrepreneuriat car elles à ©tablissent les caractà ©ristiques initiales des nouvelles organisations. Elle va plus loin pour conclure que lentrepreneuriat est un processus oà ¹ lintentionnalità © est centrale. Selon elle, là ©tude de lintention entrepreneuriale, fournit une voie avancà ©e de la recherche qui permet de dà ©passer les à ©tudes descriptives. Il ressort de ces dà ©veloppements que lintention permet de prà ©dire le comportement et par consà ©quent son à ©tude est trà ¨s indispensable pour expliquer le processus qui conduit à   la crà ©ation dune entreprise. Son intensità © et sa pertinence vont dà ©terminer toute la suite de la dà ©marche entrepreneuriale de lindividu. Doà ¹ notre proposition: H2: Lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants en fin de formation est trà ¨s faible car trà ¨s peu dà ©tudiants ont la volontà © de crà ©er une entreprise à   lissue de leurs formations. 2. La mà ©thode utilisà ©e 2.1 Les participants Les à ©tudiants en fin de formation constituent la population de base de cette recherche. Il sagit des à ©tudiants des troisià ¨me (BAC+3) et quatrià ¨me (BAC+4) annà ©es des entità ©s de formation publique. Cinq domaines de formation sont concernà ©s : les sciences juridiques, lagronomie, la mà ©dà ©cine, là ©conomie et la gestion. 2.2 La mesure des variables Cette recherche porte sur trois variables: la perception du risque entrepreneurial, la prà ©fà ©rence au risque, lintention entrepreneuriale La perception du risque entrepreneurial a à ©tà © mesurà ©e dans cette recherche grà ¢ce à   cinq (05) items adaptà ©s des travaux de Fayolle et al. (2008). La prà ©fà ©rence au risque des à ©tudiants a à ©tà © apprà ©cià ©e à   partir de cinq (05) items issus de lobservation et adaptà ©s de Weber et al. (2002). Considà ©rà ©e comme une volontà © individuelle et une libertà ©, lintention ou la volontà © est considà ©rà ©e par Hernandez (1999) comme le premier à ©là ©ment nà ©cessaire pour crà ©er une organisation. Elle rà ©flà ¨te lobjectif ou les objectifs du ou des crà ©ateur (s). Lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants a à ©tà © à ©valuà ©e sur deux dimensions : la perception de la dà ©sirabilità © et la perception de la faisabilità ©. La dà ©sirabilità © à   lentrepreneuriat des à ©tudiants a à ©tà © apprà ©cià ©e à   travers trois itemsadaptà ©s de Bird (1988). Les trois items demandaient aux à ©tudiants de se prononcer surla forte probabilità © de crà ©er une entreprise ou de poursuivre un emploi salarià © aprà ¨s les à ©tudes et ce quils pensent de leur chance de rà ©ussir dans la vie professionnelle en crà ©ant une entreprise. Afin de savoir ce que pensent les à ©tudiants de la faisabilità © de leurs intentions de crà ©er une entreprise, nous avons à ©galement retenu trois items. Ces items demandaient aux à ©tudiants de se prononcer sur la facilità © pour eux de devenir crà ©ateurs dentreprise ou de trouver un emploi salarial et sils pensent avoir un contrà ´le parfait de la situation en tant que crà ©ateur dentreprise. 2.3 Les principales à ©tapes de la recherche Cette recherche a dà ©marrà © par une observation du comportement entrepreneurial des à ©tudiants pendant et aprà ¨s leur formation. Cette observation nous a permis de nous rendre compte que malgrà © le taux du chà ´mage croissant, trà ¨s peu dà ©tudiants sengagent dans lentrepreneuriat. Les constats de cette observation ont nourri lidà ©e de la prà ©sente recherche qui repose sur trois variables. Ils ont aussi permis dà ©laborer quelques items et dadapter ceux issus de la littà ©rature. La mesure de ces variables a à ©tà © faite sur la base dun questionnaire denquà ªtes quantitatives. Structurà © à   base dà ©chelle dattitude, ce questionnaire est composà © dun ensemble de dix huit (18) items et rà ©partis en trois dimensions : la perception du risque entrepreneurial, la prà ©fà ©rence au risque, lintention entrepreneuriale à   travers la perception de la dà ©sirabilità © et la perception de la faisabilità ©. La partie identification de lenquà ªtà © concerne le domaine dà ©tude, là ¢ge, le sexe, le contact et la prà ©sence dentrepreneur dans la famille des rà ©pondants. Dans le but de và ©rifier la comprà ©hension et la cohà ©rence des items, un prà ©-test a à ©tà © effectuà © auprà ¨s dune dizaine dà ©tudiants. Deux items ont à ©tà © à ©liminà ©s et cinq autres reformulà ©s. Limportance de chaque item a à ©tà © à ©valuà ©e sur une à ©chelle de type Likert à   quatre points variant de 1 à   4:  «Pas daccord »,  «Ne sais pas », un peu daccord et  «daccord. Par ailleurs, comme recommandà ©s par Smith et Blackbum (1988) et Aupperle et al. (1985), les proprià ©tà ©s psychomà ©triques de validità © et dintà ©grità © du questionnaire ont à ©tà © examinà ©es. Linstrument sest rà ©và ©là © robuste avec le coefficient alpha dintà ©grità © de CrombachS à ©gal à   0,79. En tenant compte de la taille des à ©tudiants en fin de formation des cinq entità ©s[9] de formation dont les filià ¨res sont concernà ©es par la prà ©sente recherche, la taille n de là ©chantillon a à ©tà © obtenue grà ¢ce à   la formule ci-aprà ¨s: n ≠¥ [tÃŽ ±2 p (1-p) ]/e2 p est le pourcentage dà ©tudiants en fin de formation , p = 15% et q = (1-p); e la marge derreur (ici nous retenons e = 5%); tÃŽ ± la valeur de la loi de Student au seuil ÃŽ ±; ÃŽ ± le seuil de confiance recherchà © (pour ÃŽ ± = 95%, tÃŽ ± = 1,96) n= (1,96)2Ãâ€"0,15Ãâ€"0,85/(0,05)2 Soit n= 196 à ©tudiants. Mais nous avons retenu cinq cent (500) à ©tudiants. Ces à ©tudiants interrogà ©s sont de la tranche dà ¢ge 22 à   29 ans avec une forte dominance des individus du sexe masculin qui sont au nombre de 404 à ©tudiants (soit 80,80%) contre seulement 96 à ©tudiantes (soit 19,20%). Par ailleurs, 64,80% des interrogà ©s nont aucun parent crà ©ateur dentreprisealors que 21,20% ont un seul parent crà ©ateur et 14% affirme avoir plusieurs parents crà ©ateurs dentreprises. Le tableau n °1, nous prà ©sente la rà ©partition des enquà ªtà ©s suivant les diffà ©rentes filià ¨res de formation. Tableau n °1 Rà ©partition des enquà ªtà ©s par filià ¨re de formation Filià ¨res de formation Effectifs Frà ©quences Agronomie 92 18,40% Droit 74 14,80% Economie 156 31,20% Gestion 130 26% Mà ©decine 48 9,60% Total 500 100% La mà ©thode dà ©chantillonnage retenue est celle non probabiliste, prà ©cisà ©ment la mà ©thode de convenance. Nous avons choisi la mà ©thode non probabiliste en raison des difficultà ©s dexploitation de la liste officielle des à ©tudiants notamment labsence de coordonnà ©es prà ©cises pouvant permettre leur identification. Le questionnaire a à ©tà © administrà © face à   face. Quant à   lanalyse des donnà ©es, les rà ©sultats lià ©s au risque perà §u, à   la prà ©fà ©rence au risque et à   lintention entreprneuriale ont fait lobjet de calcul de score. Quant à   linfluence de la filià ¨re dà ©tude sur lintention, un test de khi-deux a à ©tà © effectuà ©. 3. Les rà ©sultats de la recherche Les principaux rà ©sultats de notre recherche porteront successivement sur la perception du risque entrepreneurial, la prà ©fà ©rence au risque et lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants. 3.1 Perception du risque entrepreneurial Les rà ©sultats obtenus sont consignà ©s dans le tableau n °2. Tableau n °2: La perception du risque entrepreneurial par les à ©tudiants Items Pas daccord Ne sais pas Un peu daccord Daccord TOTAUX Lorsquon crà ©e une nouvelle entreprise les probabilità ©s de faillite sont trà ¨s à ©levà ©es 152 (30,40%) 236 (47,20%) 112 (22,40%) 500(100%) Dans la crà ©ation dune nouvelle entreprise, les possibilità ©s de gagner beaucoup dargent sont trà ¨s à ©levà ©es 144 (28,80%) 254 (50,80%) 102 (20,40%) 500 (100%) Si jà ©chouais dans la crà ©ation dune nouvelle entreprise, je perdrais mon honneur 270 54% 118 23,60% 112 22,40% 500 100% Toute idà ©e dentreprise comporte des risques; je vois cela comme une opportunità © 52 (10,40%) 02 (0,40%) 88 (17,60%) 358 (71,60%) 500 (100%) En rà ©sumà ©, je vois loption de crà ©er une nouvelle entreprise comme une chose positive 10 (2%) 04 (0,80%) 64 (12,80%) 422 (84,40%) 500 (100%) Source: Rà ©sultats des enquà ªtes, juin 2009 47,20% des à ©tudiants admettent quelque peu que les probabilità ©s de faillite des nouvelles entreprises sont trà ¨s à ©levà ©es, contre 22,40% qui ladmettent entià ¨rement. Ces rà ©sultats sont sensiblement voisins à   ceux recueillis à   propos des possibilità ©s de gagner beaucoup dargent dans la crà ©ation dune entreprise. Par contre, 54% dentre eux nadmettent pas quon pourrait perdre son honneur suite à   un à ©chec dans la crà ©ation dune nouvelle entreprise. La quasi-totalità © soit respectivement 71,60% et 84,40% est entià ¨rement daccord que le risque entrepreneurial est une opportunità © et la crà ©ation dune entreprise, une initiative positive. 3.2 Prà ©fà ©rence au risque Les rà ©sultats sont rà ©sumà ©s dans le tableau n °3 Tableau n °3: Lapprà ©ciation de prà ©fà ©rence au risque des à ©tudiants Items Pas daccord Ne sais pas Un peu daccord Daccord TOTAUX Entre crà ©er mon entreprise et à ªtre salarià ©, je prà ©fà ¨re crà ©er mon entreprise 38 7,60% 28 5,60% 98 19,60% 324 64,80% 500 100% Entre crà ©er mon entreprise et à ªtre salarià ©, je prà ©fà ¨re à ªtre salarià ©. 288 (57,60%) 34 (6,80%) 130 (26%) 48 (9,60%) 500 (100%) Je prà ©fà ¨re crà ©er mon entreprise car cela me rend indà ©pendant 40 (8%) 18 (3,60%) 98 (19,60%) 144 (28,80%) 500 (100%) Je prà ©fà ¨re à ªtre salarià © car cela me garantie lemploi 216 (43,20%) 22 (4,40%) 162 (32,40%) 100 (20%) 500 (100%) Je prà ©fà ¨re crà ©er mon entreprise car je peux y gagner beaucoup dargent 48 (9,60%) 20 (4%) 184 (36,80%) 248 (49,60%) 500 (100%) Source: Rà ©sultats des enquà ªtes, Juin 2009 Ici, la prà ©fà ©rence à   lentrepreneuriat a à ©tà © exprimà ©e à   64,80% contre seulement 9,60% pour lemploi salarià ©. On remarque à ©galement que 43,20% des rà ©pondants ne sont pas daccord pour la garantie de lemploi comme raison pour la prà ©fà ©rence à   lemploi salarià ©. Or 49,60% prà ©fà ¨rent lentrepreneuriat parce quils espà ¨rent y gagner beaucoup dargent. 3.3 Lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants Nous avons à ©valuà © lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants sous deux aspects: la perception de la dà ©sirabilità © et la perception de la faisabilità ©. Les tableaux 4 et 5 portent respectivement sur chacune de ces dimensions. Tableau n °4: La perception de la dà ©sirabilità © par les à ©tudiants Items Pas daccord Ne sais pas Un peu daccord Daccord TOTAUX Aprà ¨s mes à ©tudes, la probabilità © que je crà ©e mon entreprise est trà ¨s forte 66 (13,20%) 92 (18,40%) 156 1,20% 186 (37,20%) 500 (100%) Aprà ¨s mes à ©tudes, la probabilità © que je poursuive une carrià ¨re de salarià © est tr

Leaving Home- Original Writing Essay -- Papers

Leaving Home- Original Writing She climbed on the hard mattress and pulled the fluffy, violet diary from under the feathered pillow. She opened the hard-back book and ferociously flicked through the pages, trying to find a blank one, she opened her bedside draw and rummaged through the useless items, she picked up a pen and began to write. â€Å" How could they do this to me? Why now? Why couldn’t they have told me earlier so I had time to acknowledge it, I mean I am sixteen I will be going away to college soon, why didn’t they tell me when I was like ten so I had time to think about it? Do they still love me after what I did? Do I still love them after what they told me?† Marie scribbled her thoughts onto the lilac page. As she recorded the night’s events she realised something and stopped writing. â€Å"I have to leave?† She told herself as she slammed the diary and launched the pen across her room. Marie then started to pace impatiently around her darkened room and started to talk rapidly to herself. â€Å" I can’t be in the same house as them, but I don’t want to leave Jane, she is my sister I can’t just leave her, but she is just too young too come with me, she isn’t really my sister, not by blood anyway.† She debated with herself. Tears ran down her soft cheeks as she tried to find a solution. â€Å"Jane belongs here, I don’t,† she quietly said to herself. She crept over to her bed and lay down, â€Å"they’re not my parents. I need to fid my real parents, my real family, even if they don’t want to be found and even if it means leaving everyone I care for behind. I have to leave.† She told herself. The tears where like a river now, streaming down ... ...l.† The cab driver said. Marie turned around to face the cab. â€Å"Yea just a second.† Marie replied. She locked the door and put the key in the letterbox at the end of the garden. She opened the door of the cab and climbed in. â€Å"Prescott street, Arizona please.† She told the driver. Tears ran down her face as she looked out of the window and saw her hometown for the last time. As she drove off she remembered all the good time she had whilst growing up there. She thought about the first time she met her wonderful friends, the first day in high school and all those memories seemed like nothing when she remembered what her so called mother told her on her Grandmothers funeral. She considered telling the driver to turn round, that she had made a mistake but she knew what she had to do, it wasn’t like she would never go back.

Elie Wiesel’s Night Essay -- Elie Wiesel

There exist only two types of people in a time of war and crisis, those who survive and those who die. Elie Wiesel’s novel, Night shows how Elie, himself, faces difficult problems and struggles to survive World War II. Wilfred Owen’s poem, â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, tells a story about a young soldier thinking of himself before others during World War I. The poem â€Å"Mary Hamilton† shows how a mother killed her child so she would not get into trouble. Sir John Harrington writes about a sad truth in the poem â€Å"On Treason†; the poem reflects humanity’s selfish tendencies during tough times. When people face difficult times they often care about only one person, themselves; the need to survive clouds people’s moral and judgment. Elie Wiesel writes about the times when he notices himself being selfish, instead of caring for others. When the Nazis forced the prisoners to run, Elie faces many difficult challenges. Any prisoner who stopped running would be shot, or trampled by other prisoners. The young boy, named Zalman, running next to Elie cannot continue to run. Zalman, â€Å"trampled under the feet of thousands of men† (Wiesel 86) becomes forgotten shortly after he dies. Elie admits, â€Å"I soon forgot him. I began to think of myself again† (86). The war has made Elie realize he can only afford to think of himself or else he will die. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† shows how one soldiers need to survive indirectly causes another soldiers death. From the very beginning of the poem the reader sees how the war affects the soldiers. Fighting in the war has aged the soldiers, the once young men now â€Å"bent double, like old beggars under sacks, knock-kneed, coughing like hags† trudge through the warzone (Owen 1-2). The men, completely drained f... ...d war show how easily the morals of people can be twisted. When faced with challenging, demanding times people will often choose what benefits them best. The poems and the novel, Night, show how cruel and selfish humans can be when they feel their survival threatened. People will turn against one another in order to live another day or deny help to a fallen soldier. The harsh truths of humanity leak out in times of war and crisis. At the end of the day, every man has to fight for himself in order to survive. Works Cited â€Å"Mary Hamilton.† Honors Poetry Unit Class Handout. Sir John Harrington. "Treason." Honors Poetry Unit Class Handout. Wiesel, Elie, and Marion Wiesel. Night. New York, NY: Hill and Wang, a Division of Farrar, . Straus and Giroux, 2006. Print. Wilfred Owen. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est.† Honors Poetry Unit Class Handout.

Parliamentary Sovereignty

â€Å"It remains a first principle of our constitutional law that Parliament in enacting primary legislation is sovereign. Parliamentary sovereignty has been qualified though not departed from in different ways by our adoption of the law of the European Union through the European Communities Act 1972 and by the Human Rights Act 1998. † Per Lord Justice Laws, R (MISICK) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2010] EWCA Civ 1549 Evaluate this statement with reference to appropriate legal authorities.In order to evaluate this statement it is important to understand what Parliamentary sovereignty is and how it relates to European Union law with the enactment of the European Communities Act 1972 and the Human Rights Act 1998. The doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament is the supreme Law maker of the UK, hence Parliament is free to make or unmake any law it wishes with the exception that it cannot limit its own power or bind itself when it co mes to future legislation.This dictates that all courts must uphold legislation laid down by Parliament. â€Å"  The principle, therefore, of parliamentary sovereignty means neither more nor less than this, namely that â€Å"Parliament† has â€Å"the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament† The principle of Parliamentary sovereignty was derived from the fundamental doctrines of the Magna Carta, Petition of Rights and the Bill of Rights.Unlike many other countries the UK has no written constitution meaning that it is flexible to be interpreted in the courts however the judge sees fit. The doctrine of Parliamentary supremacy is clearly in conflict with the full recognition of the community law in the UK. However, many things act so as to make parliamentary supremacy delusive, since international treaty obligations mean that certain legislation would never be passed. The Treaty of Rome does not state that EU law is to take precedence over domestic law.However, the ECJ in the case of Costa v ENEL stated that member States are bound to follow EU law. This is reflected in the European Communities Act 1972, s 2(1) which provides that rights, powers and obligations under the Treaties are, without further enactment, to be given legal effect in member States. Accordingly, directly applicable and directly effective EU law would take precedence over domestic law and if domestic law conflicted with EU law, domestic law would need to be changed. The European Communities Act 1972 s. (1)4 directly imposes provisions of the Treaties, together with EU Regulations and other directly applicable European law, whether they were passed before or after the UK joined the European Union. It also invalidates existing domestic law wherever the two conflict and thereby the former is directly valid. Membership of the European Un ion is derogation from parliamentary sovereignty since all of the European Union’s powers flow from Parliament's sovereignty through the original act, and therefore Parliament retains ultimate sovereignty.There is a limited retention of parliamentary sovereignty in many areas of European concern, since the UK has limited powers to determine penalties for breach of European Union law, and since the option is often left open in directives not to implement parts of the directive. It would appear that the doctrine of Parliament supremacy has been significantly qualified by the UK membership of the community. If absolute supremacy no longer exists, it could be restored by repealing European Community Act 1972.But the practical reality is that a new legal order has been created, in which the community law has supremacy over national law. The European Union was accused by Lord Denning of interfering with Parliament sovereignty in the absence of express authority by the EC Treaty. Ho wever the UK membership and the European Union have together caused a significant area of legislative power to pass to EU. This does not mean that it is permanent but if the UK decided to leave the European Union, then Parliament could exercise its ultimate sovereign authority by Act of Parliament and epeal the European Communities Act 1972, whereby the provisions of the EU Treaties would no longer have effect in domestic law. â€Å"If the supremacy within the European Community of Community law over the national law of member states was not always inherent in the EEC Treaty it was certainly well established in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice long before the United Kingdom joined the Community. Thus, whatever limitation of its sovereignty Parliament accepted when it enacted the European Communities Act 1972 was entirely voluntary. † European Union Law challenges the concept of Parliamentary Sovereignty.The European Union also has the doctrine of supremacy which mean s all member states must adhere to European Union laws as opposed to their own national laws. This may have restrained Parliamentary Sovereignty in the UK upon its entry to the European Union in 1972. In order to comply with the European Court of Justice the UK Parliament enacted the European Communities Act 1972 and the Human Rights Act 1998. Lord Denning stated that signing the treaty was only the first step as Community law could not be implemented merely by signing a Treaty of Accession.Parliament passed the European Community Act 1972, which came into force on 1st January 1973, whereby Community law become applicable in the UK. â€Å"It is an essential aspect of sovereignty that all states should have supreme control over their internal affairs, subject to the recognised limitation imposed by international law. † Parliamentary approval is not required for EU legislation that is binding in the UK, which again jeopardises the UK sovereignty. The major case that encapsulate s this is Factortame, by enacting the Merchant Shipping Act 1988, Parliament breached European law.In this case the compatibility was challenged. The Factortame decision marks a clear, if not important, that constitutional departure from the traditional view of parliamentary sovereignty. Since Factortame, UK law now recognises that Community institutions have the right to make decisions and issue regulations which may override legislation by Parliament. The Human Rights Act 1998 was introduced in order to comply with the European Convention of Human Rights so that national law was more compatible with European Union law and to protect Parliamentary sovereignty. It first came into force on 2 October 2000.The  Human Rights Act  empowers courts  to read legislation in such a way as to give effect to the European Convention on  Human Rights. Article 46 of the European Convention on Human Rights states that the government must abide by and must follow final decisions of the Europ ean Court of Human Rights. Actions of UK judges are limited by a constitutional compromise developed over centuries, while European judges have been given enormous power. Although Parliament could pass legislation today withdrawing Britain from the EU and Community law would cease to apply at the national level.The Human Rights Act 1998 seems only to go so far where Parliament is concerned as is shown with the relatively new anti-terrorism laws. S. 2(1) of the HRA makes it clear these laws are still to be interpreted by the courts in their own way. â€Å"A court or tribunal determining a question which has arisen in connection with a Convention right must take into account any judgment, declaration or advisory opinion of the European Court of Human Rights (b) decision of the Commission [etc. ] †¦. henever made or given, so far as, in the opinion of the court or tribunal, it is relevant to the proceedings in which that question has arisen. † Ever since the UK joined the E U in 1972, the EU has played an increasing role in Britain, and as a result has had an impact on the UK sovereignty. Therefore clearly any Community law would prevail over UK legislation passed before 1972, as this is uncontroversial and accords with the traditional doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. However, the doctrine depends largely on the obedience by the judiciary to the doctrine of implied repeal. So the issue arises as s. (4), which declares that any future enactment to be passed must be applied subject to the provisions of the ECA 1972. Therefore since Dicey defines sovereignty as continuing , it would seem that s. 2(4) is clearly an attempt by parliament, contrary to the very principle of the UK’s constitutional, to suspend the doctrine of implied repeal and consequently, bind its successors. As membership of the European Union is derogation from Parliamentary Sovereignty in practice, all of the European Unions’ powers flow from Parliament’s origi nal Act and therefore surely Parliament retains ultimate supreme.Lord Denning stated that if the UK chose to take back complete supremacy it could easily do so by leaving the European Union. â€Å"If the time should come when our Parliament deliberately passes an Act†¦with the intention of repudiating the Treaty or any provision in it†¦ or intentionally of acting inconsistently with it†¦ and says so in express terms†¦ then I should have thought that it would be the duty of our courts to follow the statute of our Parliament. † This could create problems for the UK in certain areas, both economically and politically.The UK now having been a member state for nearly 30 years has to take the economic growth and other positive aspects with the negative aspects of being a member state, one being a lesser sense of Parliamentary sovereignty. As stated by Margaret Thatcher: â€Å"It is a myth that our membership of the Community will suffocate national tradition an d culture. Are the Germans any less German for being in the Community, or the French any less French? Of course they are not! † References House of Commons European scrutiny committee. (2010). The EU Bill and Parliamentary sovereignty. Available: http://www. ublications. parliament. uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeuleg/633/633i. pdf European Communities Act 1972. Available: http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1972/68/section/1. Last accessed  1st March 2012 Human Rights Act 1998. Available: http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents. Last accessed  1st March 2012 Brazier, R. (). APPENDIX 1: THE PARLIAMENT ACTS. Available: http://www. publications. parliament. uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldconst/141/14104. htm. Last accessed 1st March 2012 Wagner, A. (2011). Does parliamentary sovereignty still reign supreme?. Available: http://www. guardian. o. uk/law/2011/jan/27/supreme-court-parliamentary-sovereignty. Last accessed 1st March 2012. (2011). Imprisoned by a Doctrine: The Modern Defence of Parliamentary Sovereignty. Available: http://ojls. oxfordjournals. org/content/early/2011/10/19/ojls. gqr027. abstract. Last accessed 1st March 2012 R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame (No. 2) [1991] 1 AC 603 Flaminio Costa v ENEL  [1964] ECR 585 (6/64) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Dicey, A. V. 1982 [1914]. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE LAW OF THE CONSTITUTION. 8th ed. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund [ 2 ].Flaminio Costa v ENEL  [1964] ECR 585 (6/64) [ 3 ]. http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1972/68/section/1 [ 4 ]. Lord Denning  in Bulmer Ltd v J. Bollinger (1974) [ 5 ]. R v Secretary of State for Transport ex p Factortame (No. 2) [1991] 1 AC 603 [ 6 ]. Martin, E. Oxford Dictionary of Law (2002), 5th Edition, Oxford University Press, Press, Pg 469 [ 7 ]. http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1988/12/contents [ 8 ]. http://www. legis lation. gov. uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents [ 9 ]. Human Rights Act 1998, http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents [ 10 ]. Lord Denning