Mulan, By Tony Bancroft And Barry Cook - 1153 Words

Mulan is Disney animation about a story with a strong woman protagonist, who is Fa Mulan, directed by Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook in 1998. The film is based on Chinese legendary story of Hua Mulan. Overall of the film shows Chinese Confucian and traditional values with unique regulation, culture, and traditional system in their society. According to diegetic elements of Mulan which is defined as elements that consists of events, characters, objects, settings, and sounds in the story, the main event is a story about how Mulan who is not suitable for traditional woman role in Chinese ancient society overcomes the prejudice of gender role with exceptional behaviors as joining Chinese military troop secretly instead of her father who was wounded by former war. The movie Mulan is a narrative in terms of categorizing one concept that describes and arranges the sequence of events in a cause-and-effect order. In that sense, the movie starts to narrate certain disparity between Chinese Confu cian and traditional cultural characters of gender role and protagonist’s inner human nature overall the movie, and that disparity leads the protagonist to overcome internal and external conflicts in progression of the story. This paper will analyze how Mulan demonstrates characteristic culture in Chinese society which shows stereotypes of gender role in the past, and what kinds of methods protagonist use for overcoming and deviating from a traditional gender characteristic by providingShow MoreRelatedMovie Review Of Mulan 761 Words   |  4 PagesTyra Banks Mrs. Shields ENGL 101-38 17 September 2017 Film Review: Mulan An animated Disney movie called Mulan, was directed by Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook in 1998. The moral of the story is that women can be just the same as men can. I support the general meaning of the movie. I believe men that and women should be treated equally and that women should not be seen as weak or frail. Women are more than just wives or slaves and can-do jobs that have traditionally been set-aside for men. They canRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disneys Mulan1172 Words   |  5 PagesJennifer Serrato ENG 320 10/09/17 Disney’s Mulan From the minute one is born the division between genders is placed. The phrases â€Å"act like a lady† or â€Å"be a man† become everyday practices and lifelong slogans. Fairy tales are always focused on women who play the beautiful damsel in distress persona and on men who play the handsome knight coming in to save them. Whether you are female or male, it is important to remember that these fixed characteristics placed on genders are never to be reinforcedRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of Disney s Mulan2002 Words   |  9 PagesDisney’s Mulan Disney has long been recognized as a studio that creates premium entertainment for the whole family. For decades, the classic fairy tales, told for centuries, were brought to life with beautiful artistic renderings that left audiences captivated in awe. As times changed Disney was challenged to tell new and diverse tales. In no movie is this more true than in the studio’s 1998 offering Mulan. The movie, written by Robert D. San Souci and directed by Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook, wasRead MoreMulan: A Woman on a Mission Essay1816 Words   |  8 PagesMulan (Revised) Disney proclaims that the adaptations of the Chinese story of Mulan is to transform ethnic materials into a â€Å"timeless† or â€Å"universal† classic (Kurtti 1998). Peter Schneider, Disney Feature Animation President, avers that â€Å"the search for who we are, the search for self, it an ever-ongoing process and universal theme† (Kurtti 1998, 189). Guided by this principle, Disney appropriated the Mulan story into its typical formula of a hero’s journey of self-discovery. The film featuresRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film The Tale Of The White Serpent 1358 Words   |  6 Pagesowes a huge debt of gratitude to the films of Mr. Miyazaki.† (Lasseter, 2014). In Disney Studios, there are many that admire the work Miyazaki and what the Studio has created. Such as the directors of Disney’s ‘Mulan’, Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook. â€Å"Miyazaki is like a God to us.† (Cook, n.d). In ‘The Rescuers Down Under’, the director of the film, Hendel Butoy, was inspired by the breathtaking flying sequences that are often featured in Miyazaki’s animation. Butoy has even referred to the man asRead More Mothers and the Chinese Spirit in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club2107 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican society, these eight Chinese-American women suffer the problems of cultural conflicts in compliance with their gender. Asian women were looked at as being positive, subservient, compliant, quiet, delicate, exotic, romantic and easy to please (Mulan). They are nicknamed China dolls or lotus blossoms, which are sexually loaded stereotypes of Asian women. These stereotypes discriminate against women by degrad ing their worth as people. By men taking advantage of their obedience and submissivenessRead More Dragons Essay2578 Words   |  11 Pagesmore benevolent attitude. By contrast, Mushu, Mulan’s squirrel-sized companion in the Disney movie of the same name, is a typical Eastern dragon, right down to his whiskers, though his attitude is a far cry from the dignified storm-gods of legend (Mulan). Tales of Eastern dragons have probably been around longer, but it is usually Western dragons that hold the imaginations of Americans. One old English legend says that King Lludd, who founded London, had a run-in with some dragons. A plague swept

Essay on Alcohol Advertising - 1655 Words

Alcohol Advertising Exposure to alcohol advertising is an everyday occurrence. Alcohol advertising is persuasive not only to adults but to those who are too young to buy alcohol legally. Although parents and peers have a large impact on youth decisions to drink, marketing also has a significant impact by influencing the attitudes of parents and peers and helping to create an environment that promotes underage drinking. Alcohol companies focus billions of dollars on advertising their products and still claim that the effect is minimal. I pose a few questions that are; who are the targets of alcohol advertising? How does alcohol advertising affect the people targeted by alcohol companies? Finally what actions are being taken to†¦show more content†¦Recognizing this important marketing fact, alcohol companies deliberately devise ads designed to appeal to heavy drinkers. The heavy user of alcohol is usually an addict. Another interesting perspective on the industrys claim that it only advertises to encourage moderate drinking to those of age, is that if this were true, and only the 105 million drinkers of legal age in the US consumed the official maximum moderate amount of alcohol, .99 ounces or roughly two drinks, a day the industry would suffer a 40 percent decrease in the sale of beer, wine, and distilled spirits. Meaning that if alcohol companies truly only targeted who they claim they do, they would only be nearly cutting their profits in half. Besides the heavy drinkers, the young audience plays a great deal to the alcohol industry. It is no wonder alcohol is appealing to the youth when ads only display very healthy, attractive, and youthful-looking people. Advertising is a powerful educating force in American Culture, one that promotes attitudes and values as well as products. Ads are now even featuring characters with special appeal to children. The makers of some 200 consumer products including stuffed animals, dolls, T-shirts, posters, and mugs are dedicated to a lcohol. Advertisements have even gone as far as popular childrens movies; one example of this was the very popular Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles movie. The average age which people beginShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Advertising Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol Advertising Millions of Americans suffers from the effects of alcohol and drug abuse. It can shatter lives, brake families, and to rob people of their dreams for the future. Once alcoholism or drug addiction begins, an individuals problems not only dont go away, but their mental well being as well as physical ability continues to diminish from the immediate and long-term adverse effects from the drugs and alcohol abuse. Is it really true that advertising increases alcohol consumptionRead MoreAlcohol Marketing and Advertising25059 Words   |  101 PagesAlcohol Marketing and Advertising A Report to Congress September 2003 Federal Trade Commission, 2003 Timothy J. Muris Chairman Mozelle W. Thompson Commissioner Orson Swindle Commissioner Thomas B. Leary Commissioner Pamela Jones Harbour Commissioner Report Contributors Janet M. Evans, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Jill F. Dash, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Neil Blickman, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division ofRead More alcohol and advertising Essay627 Words   |  3 Pages Alcohol and Advertising Throughout the history of television, viewers have raised many questions about alcohol advertising. Does advertising influence alcohol consumption? Does it has an impact on alcohol abuse or alcohol related disease and death? How is advertising affecting us? The goal of this essay is to collect evidence, both theoretical and empirical, that would address the question of whether advertising affects in any measurable manner alcohol consumption and mortality from alcoholism andRead MoreStereotypes in Alcohol Advertising to Teenagers3305 Words   |  14 PagesStereotypes in Alcohol Advertising to Teenagers 1. Gender Messages in Alcohol Advertising Stereotypes refer to standardize and simplified conception of groups, based on some prior assumptions. For example, a girl might not choose to be an engineer as most of the people have set their minds that the profession is always a guy. This is what we call stereotyping. But, who says a girl cannot be an engineer? According to the Media/Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, NinthRead MoreOverview of Alcohol Advertising Essay2476 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction In terms of business, advertising is a type of marketing communication that is used to encourage, persuade or manipulate groups of people to take some action or continue with the actions that they were taking (Percy, 2008, p. 82). In majority of cases, the outcome that is sought to influence the actions of the customer in terms of profitable contribution even though other forms are also popular (Hansen and Christensen, 2007, p. 82). This particular type of work is in a category thatRead MoreAlcohol Advertising: the Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesLinzay Workman Advanced Composition Rose Bunch Paper 3: Literature Review Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? The question, Is alcohol advertising the cause of underage drinking? seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. Some homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes; while others condemn it all together. The topic is very controversialRead More Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay example1079 Words   |  5 Pages Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The question, â€Å"Is alcohol advertising the cause of underage drinking?† seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. Some homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes; while others condemn it all together. The topic is very controversial with several factors weighing in such as religionRead MoreWhy Advertising Alcohol Is Destroying Public Well Being1897 Words   |  8 PagesVanwormer C.P. Reading Writing 6 May 2016 Why Advertising Alcohol Is Destroying Public Well-Being When I was nine years old, I remember seeing the most delectable, mouthwatering commercial on television. It was for beer. Growing up in a family that did not drink, I never thought beer could look so appetizing. The beverage was everywhere I looked—except for in my own fridge. Not only adults, but kids and teens everywhere are being bombarded with alcohol advertisements. Many of these youths choose toRead MoreTobacco Advertising Is Illegal but Alcohol Is Not. Is This Hypocritical?3161 Words   |  13 PagesCOMM 3P14 – Media Industries Tobacco Advertising is Illegal, but Advertising for Alcohol is not, Is This Hypocritical? Rebecca Stewart 4574927 Russell Johnston Seminar 3 November 11, 2012 Advertisements are a vital part of any company’s marketing strategy, and are used to inform or persuade an audience about a certain product or service. In fact, North American companies are among the world’s highest advertisers (Boone et al., 2010, 502). Today, an average consumer is exposed to hundredsRead MoreAlcohol Advertising Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Advertising Exposure to alcohol advertising is an everyday occurrence. Alcohol advertising is persuasive not only to adults but to those who are too young to buy alcohol legally. Although parents and peers have a large impact on youth decisions to drink, marketing also has a significant impact by influencing the attitudes of parents and peers and helping to create an environment that promotes underage drinking. Alcohol companies focus billions of dollars on advertising their products

Multinational Business Management free essay sample

Disney is made up of many different entities in which they attract their consumers. History The Walt Disney Company has a prestigious history in the entertainment industry, stretching over 75 years. It started on October 16, 1923 as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, a joint venture of Walt Disney and his brother, Roy. Three years later the company had produced two movies and purchased a studio in Hollywood, California. Pitfalls in distribution rights nearly sank Walt and his company, but the creation of Mickey Mouse saved a sinking ship. By 1932, the Disney Company won its first Academy Award for Best Cartoon, for the Silly Symphony. 1934 marked the production of Disneys first full-length feature film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which released in 1937 and became the highest grossing film of its time. But afterwards, the expenses of production caused difficulties with the next few animated films; then the advent of World War II halted the production of films as the Walt Disney Company contributed its skills to the war effort. After the war it was difficult for the company to pick up where it had left off, but 1950 proved a turning point with the production of its first live-action film, Treasure Island and another animated film, Cinderella. In that time period, Disney also began several television series; in 1955, The Mickey Mouse Club also made its debut. 1955 also provided another landmark moment: the opening of the first California Disney theme park, Disneyland. Disney continued its rise in popularity, and survived even the death of its founder in 1966. His brother Roy took over supervision at that time, and then was succeeded by an executive team in 1971. Several more projects, from merchandising to the continuing production of animated and live-action films to the construction of more theme parks filled the years; in 1983, Disney went international with the opening of Tokyo Disneyland. In the past few decades, Disney has moved into a wider market, beginning The Disney Channel on cable and establishing subdivisions such as Touchstone Pictures to produce films other than the usual family-oriented fare, gaining a firmer footing on a broader range. In the 1970s and 1980s, the company suffered from takeover attempts, but eventually recovered; the recruiting of the current chairman, Michael D. Eisner, was crucial to that. Eisner and executive partner Frank Wells have been a successful team, leading Disney to continue its tradition of excellence into a new century. Until today, Disney seeks to enhance their market by purchasing new and exciting entertainment to farther develope their success. In October 2012, The Walt Disney Company, in a move that gives it a commanding position in the world of fantasy movies, said it had agreed to acquire Lucas film from its founder, George Lucas, for $4. 5 billion in stock and cash. In addition, in 2004 Disney Company and The Jim Henson Company announced that they have entered into an agreement under which Disney acquired the beloved Muppets and Bear in the Big Blue House properties from Henson. Since its founding in 1923, The Walt Disney Company has remained faithful to its commitment to produc e unparalleled entertainment experiences based on the rich legacy of quality creative content and exceptional storytelling. Current Disney has a lot to offer to its clients. The Walt Disney Company, together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, is a leading diversified international entertainment and media enterprise with five business segments: Media Networks, Parks and Resorts, Studio Entertainment, Consumer Products and Interactive Media. These businesses encompass a variety of industries, including theme parks and resorts, television and radio broadcasting, filmed entertainment, consumer products, travel and tourism, Internet technologies, book and magazine publishing, music and more Disney views the development of a diverse workforce as a business imperative and a catalyst to achieve better performance. We embrace diversity, in other words, to better serve our consumers by better reflecting the communities we serve. We believe that a diversity of opinions, ideas and perspectives enhances our internal creativity and the companys vitality. † As such, theyve been building a workforce representative of the global marketplace in which they operate , while fostering an inclusive environment for their employees and their families. Although they still have plenty of progress to make, they are proud that the Company now employs the most diverse workforce in its history. Today, Disney is organized into five major business segments: Media Networks, Parks and Resorts, Studio Entertainment, Consumer Products, and Interactive Media. Media Networks Media Networks includes a huge collection of broadcast, cable, radio, publishing and digital businesses across two divisions – The Disney/ABC Television Group and ESPN Inc. In addition to content development and distribution functions, this segment includes supporting headquarters, communications, digital media, distribution, marketing, research and sales groups. The Disney/ABC Television Group is composed of The Walt Disney Company’s global entertainment and news television properties, owned television stations group, as well as radio and publishing businesses. This includes the ABC Television Network, ABC Owned Television Stations Group, ABC Entertainment Group, Disney Channels Worldwide, ABC Family as well as Disney/ABC Domestic Television and Disney Media Distribution. Hyperion and publishing and the company’s equity interest in Aamp;E Television Networks. ESPN Inc. s an American sports media conglomerate based in Bristol, Connecticut. Jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and Hearst Corporation (who owns a 20% minority share), it owns various sports broadcasting operations, including cable channels, a sports radio network, an accompanying website, and other assets. ESPN markets itself as The Worldwide Leader in Sports. Most programming on ESPN networks consist of live or tape-delayed sporting events, sports news programm ing, sports talk shows, and original series and documentaries. Parks and Resorts When Walt Disney opened Disneyland on July 17, 1955, he created a unique destination built around storytelling and immersive experiences, ushering in a new era of family entertainment. More than 55 years later, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts (WDPamp;R) has grown into one of the world’s leading providers of family travel and leisure experiences, providing millions of guests each year with the chance to spend time with their families and friends making memories that will last forever. At the heart of WDPamp;R are five world-class vacation destinations with 11 theme parks nd 43 resorts in North America, Europe and Asia, with a sixth destination currently under construction in Shanghai. WDPamp;R also includes the Disney Cruise Line with its four ships the Disney Magic, Disney Wonder, Disney Dream and Disney Fantasy; Disney Vacation Club, with 11 properties and more than 500,000 individual members; and Adventures by Disney, which provides guided family vacation experiences to desti nations around the globe. The Walt Disney Studios For more than 85 years, The Walt Disney Studios has been the foundation on which The Walt Disney Company was built. Today, the studio brings quality movies, music and stage plays to consumers throughout the world. Feature films are released under the following banners: Disney, including Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios, Disney Nature, Marvel Studios, and Touchstone Pictures, the banner under which live-action films from DreamWorks Studios are distributed. The Disney Music Group encompasses the Walt Disney Records and Hollywood Records labels, as well as Disney Music Publishing. The Disney Theatrical Group produces and licenses live events, including Disney on Broadway, Disney on Ice and Disney Live! Disney Consumer Products Disney Consumer Products (DCP) is the business segment of The Walt Disney Company (NYSE:DIS) and its affiliates that extends the Disney brand to merchandise ranging from apparel, toys, home decor and books and magazines to foods and beverages, stationery, electronics and fine art. This is accomplished through a franchise-based licensing organization focused on strategic brand priorities, including: Disney Classic Characters amp; Disney Baby; Disney Live Action Film; Disney Media Networks amp; Games, Disney amp; Pixar Animation Studios; Disney Princess amp; Disney Fairies; and Marvel. Other businesses involved in Disneys consumer products sales are Disney Publishing Worldwide, the worlds largest publisher of childrens books and magazines, and www. DisneyStore. com and www. DisneyStore. co. uk, the companys official shopping portals. The Disney Store retail chain, which debuted in 1987, is owned and operated by Disney in North America, Europe, and Japan. Disney Interactive Founded in 2008, Disney Interactive entertains kids, families and Disney enthusiasts everywhere with world class products that push the boundaries of technology and imagination. Disney Interactive creates high-quality interactive entertainment across all digital media platforms, including blockbuster mobile, social and console games, online virtual worlds, and #1-ranked web destinations Disney. com and the Moms and Family network of websites. The Walt Disney Company operates in many different countries, virtually all around the world. Hong-Kong, Paris, Shanghai, California, and Florida are locations for Disney theme parks. All other business segments of DIS can be accessed in all countries around the world. Revenue of the Walt Disney Company in 2012, by operating segment (in million U. S. dollars)/%: International Disney Disney’s divisions overseas function as an American country with changes to adapt to different cultures. To accommodate other cultures, it is necessary to alter policies and procedures to attract employees and consumers abroad. In fact, different experiences have shown the importance of some adaptation to local tastes and culture. For instance, when the European park opened in 1992 in France, restaurants weren’t serving wine. This has been a huge misunderstanding on French culture and has lead to quite some discussions. In addition, hamburgers have been substituted for noodles and there is only one fast-food restaurant for seven Chinese ones. Also, the â€Å"American standard toilet† has been replaced by a more local type of toilet, considered more suitable. To avoid any other cultural problems in Hong Kong, Disney even contacted a Feng Shu master who helped the company to create a specific environment that answers to the Chinese â€Å"way of living. As a result, the Feng Shu master has not only decided of the opening date (a specific favorable date), but also advised them to reposition cash registers, to change the aisle to help the vital energy’s (chi) good circulation, and to adjust the number of hotels floors in order to close all second and fifth floors to public. According to Feng Shu, the number â€Å"2† represents illness, and â€Å"5† misfortune. Even Disney’s stars will undergo some major modifications: Mickey will have a red and gold Chinese suit to wear, and Mulan will have her own pavilion designed like a Chinese temple. Other details such as the building of a fountain and reducing the numbers of clocks in the park have been taken into consideration as to enhance the park’s success. Seeing these adaptations, Disney seems to have learned that they can’t simply impose the American culture on another continent. The question that still lies open is to know whether Mickey Mouse will soon have slanting eyes. The unusual success with Tokyo Disneyland prompted Disney to launch another international venture; this time, Disney chose Europe. Euro Disney was expected to create up to 28,000 jobs, easing the 10 percent unemployment rate from the year prior to the opening of the park. It was also expected to boost the construction industry that was hit hard by economic crisis, as well as the real estate around the park area. In building the park, Disney also met a critical challenge in readying the park for its opening date, including everything from construction and operation, to marketing, hiring and training employees for the park. Euro Disney was aggressively marketed by Disney as well as other firms. There were dozens of articles in magazines throughout Europe, and a model of The Sleeping Beauty Castle was sent around Europe to publicize the park. The Europe-wide campaign also included promoting the opening ceremony, which was broadcast live across Europe. Disney then hired and trained 14,000 employees for the opening of the park, and expected to fill more temporary positions during the peak season. It was extremely challenging to ensure the new employees work in accordance to Disney’s standard of customer service by the opening date. As a result, the management announced that a leading priority for Euro Disney was to indoctrinate all employees in the Disney service philosophy as well as operational policies and procedures. The â€Å"Disney University† was then opened at Euro Disney, with a goal to interview suitable candidates, select the best ones, and provided extensive training. Disney also attempted to hire employees of nationalities proportional to expected visitor counts (45% French, 30% other Europeans, 15% outside of Europe), but by the time of opening, it was 70 percent French. Yet, most cast members were paid roughly 15% above France’s minimum wage at that time. At the same time, Disney also cross-trained managers and supervisors to ensure service quality and consistent managerial practices. While European managers were trained at other theme parks, foreign managers were also sent to Euro Disney to work. Although Euro Disney mainly hired Europeans to work in the park, most of the top jobs and management positions were held in the hands of American expatriates. Nonetheless, the hiring process was heavily criticized by applicants, the press, and even the French unions. The controversy revolved around Disney’s grooming requirements. Disney enforced a strict dress code, a ban on facial hair and colored stockings, standards for neat hair and fingernails, and even a policy of â€Å"appropriate undergarments. † Applicants and labor leaders felt that requirements were excessive and much stricter than other employers. The efforts to force Disney to loosen the standards were unsuccessful. On the other hand, the Marne-La-Vallee area did not have enough apartment space for the thousands of Disney employees, and the jobs generally did not pay well enough to make decent housing affordable to these employees. As a result, Disney had to build its own apartment and renting rooms in the park area, adding millions of investment dollars to the entire project. Another big challenge Disney faced was getting the French cast members to break their ancient cultural aversions to smiling and being consistently polite to park guests. The individualist French had to be molded into the squeaky-clean Disney image. While Disney successfully staffed and trained cast members for the park by the time of the opening, more than 1,000 employees left their jobs within the first nine weeks of operation, about one-half of whom left voluntarily. The long hours and hectic pace of work at the park were also cited as major reasons for the turnover. One cast member explained that expatriate managers ceased to understand the European work habits and ethics, and the work mode was not one that the Euro Disney employees were used to in the past. There were other concerns raised by the French government regarding the operation of Euro Disney. While Disney assured that French would be the primary language of the park, most signs were actually bilingual, as were the park’s employees. More importantly, Disney followed one of its two major traditions of not serving wine, although wine to the Europeans (particularly the French) is like cheese to Americans. It was felt that this was a departure from the important French culture and lunch habits, causing weak attendance initially. There were also issues with visitors waiting long lines for rides or food, since there was no tolerance for such practices in France or Europe. Unlike Tokyo Disneyland, which experienced initial success, Euro Disney did not experience the exceeding-expectation turnout in terms of admissions and revenues. A major criticism was that park was neither international nor French in nature, and it failed to satisfy either party completely. Many visitors could not figure out whether it was going to be an American park, a French park, or a European park. Attendance was much lower than expected, and the company incurred financial loss. Even if revenues could be brought in line with projections for the balance of the year, the park still would not be profitable for another five years or so. There were comments about Euro Disney being out of character for the French population, because the French were too individualist and private to appreciate the standardized and crowded Disney theme park experience. While the Disney style of service was one with which Americans have grown up, there were several styles of service in Europe, and unbridled enthusiasm was not a marked feature of them. Meanwhile, the cost of the experience was thought to be an issue for some visitors. It was reported that many French visitors had been deterred from coming by the cost (including the admission costs, housing costs, and souvenirs). In regards to visitor reaction, there were mixed opinions about the experience at Euro Disney. Most positive feedback, which came mainly from other parts of Europe and the world, revolved around the originality of the park and the unique experience around the same area. For those who could not afford to go to the U. S. , Euro Disney gave them an identical Disney experience like that in America. However, the park ceased to please many local French visitors, who frequently complained about the long lines, poor service, and operational glitches. Even though Euro Disney had a rocky start, there was precedence that a tough start did not become catastrophic in the theme park business. Universal’s Florida theme park had a disastrous opening due to technical difficulties, but it quickly came back and was considered rather successful down the stretch. Management believed that it was still too premature to determine the impact of poor fall weather, and that the attendance figure of over 30,000 per day was rather respectable. If this number were annualized, the projected 11 million visitors during the first year of operation would be met. Although the local French population had not attended as planned, visitation from the rest of Europe was running higher than expected. The coming winter months were clearly important to Euro Disney’s chances for financial rebounce, if not success. However, the weather would still pose great challenge to the attendance. Euro Disney must also find a way to promote the park in such a way that there would be cut costs in public relations and operations, while providing affordable entertainment to visitors. In conclusion, The Walt Disney Company portrays a strong multinational corporation with a strong foundation beneath its success. Experience and constant improvements are necessary for growth in large businesses that develop abroad. Indeed, Disney productively accomplished expanding beyond The United States.

Roger McGough Essay Example For Students

Roger McGough Essay The poem is written in first person, and tit the use of colloquial language, such as have your belly shot away, successfully persuade the readers to re-evaluate attitude towards war. The poem argues that lives are good for you by providing examples of enjoyments In life, such as going out with girls. The humorous comment on going to bed with girls targets a specific age group, as these people are mostly likely to be sent to war. This allows the poem to be more engaging, and a more friendly way to communicate to readers. The strong Image of seeds spreading over the field reinforces the Initial argument, that patriots re a bit nuts in the head. My Obstruction describes a day of the bus conductors Journey, whose life is soon going to end. It reminds readers that death Is Inevitable, and Invites the readers to see life through new glasses. This allows the poem to be more engaging, and a more friendly way to communicate to readers. The strong image of seeds spreading over the field reinforces the initial argument, that patriots are a bit nuts in the head. My Obstruction describes a day of the bus conductors Journey, whose life is soon going to end. It reminds readers that death is inevitable, and invites the readers to see life through new glasses. The images of the bus conductor holding a ticket like a rose and put it into the bag like a child putting the shilling into the gas meter shows the bus conductors attitudes towards the finite life, with the repetition in the last two lines one day hell clock on and never clock off or clock off and never clock on also emphasizes the bus conductors approach to the last stage of life. The poem Extremis comments on how the grading of students at school is inappropriate. McHugh argues that, once people die, they are of no differences. McHugh uses misspell words and colloquial to indicate that the narrator has limited academic ability and is in the bottom stream. This narrator effectively persuades the readers as it is ironic to have divisions during lifetime when they all even out at the end. These poems by McHugh deliver the message effectively with his style of using colloquial language and first person narrator. Why Patriots Are a Bit Nuts in the Head persuades readers to believe that to be a patriot is to spread your seeds over the field by emphasizing lives are good for you. My Obstruction ask readers to see life differently, by showing us the bus conductors work Journey when approaching to death. Extremis expresses McCullough thoughts of having divisions at school to separate students of different academic ability. Through a voice of a not bright student, he mocks the streaming system by suggesting that people are all the same at the cemetery. With his engaging approach, these poems are easy to digest and ar e persuasive.

Macbeth Tragedy Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth Tragedy In order for a story to be considered a tragedy, it has to fit a certain description. The Greek playwright Aristotle was the first to define a tragedy. He said it was a story in which the protagonist (tragic hero) goes from fortunate to unfortunate circumstances because if his tragic flaw and fate working together. Macbeth fits these characteristics, and is a tragedy. In this play, the tragic hero is Macbeth. His tragic flaw is his weak morals, and his ability to be easily persuaded. These two things help to bring him down in many respects. First of all, he killed Duncan. Now, he would not have killed Duncan if his wife had not persuaded him. But, because of his tragic flaw, he was easily persuaded into killing the king. "When you durst do it, then you were a man; and to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man." Lady Macbeth questions Macbeth's manhood, and because his morals are not strong, he succumbs to it. This is an instance of Macbeth's tragic flaw working to bring him down, because immediately after he kills the king, he feels awful. Also, when Macbeth's morals begin to degenerate more, he kills Banquo, and Lady Mcduff. These are definite signs of Macbeth's tragic flaw operating to bring him down. Another aspect of Macbeth that resembles a tragedy is fate operating to bring the tragic hero down. In this play, Macbeth is given his fate by the witches (that he is to become king), and immediately afterwards he is appointed the Thane of Cawdor, and is next in line to become king. "And for an earnest of a greater honor, he bade me, from him, call the Thane of Cawdor, in which addition, hail most worthy thane, for it is thane" When Ross tells Macbeth that he is the thane, Macbeth is amazed. It seems too good to be true. After that, Duncan tells him that he will be staying at Macbeth's house, giving him a perfect opportunity to kill him. Everything works out for Macbeth to kill Duncan, and this is how fate works to bring Macbeth down. Sure, even if all this happened, Macbeth would still have to be willing to kill the king, but if Macbeth were willing, and he wasn't given ample opportunity, it still probably wouldn't happen. So you see that it is necessary for the tragic flaw and fate to work together to bring down the tragic hero. The third characteristic of a tragedy that Macbeth shows is the tragic downfall. It is where the tragic hero goes from fortunate to unfortunate circumstances. It is what fate and the flaw is accomplishing by bringing the hero down. In this play, Macbeth starts out a war hero, the people love him, he has friends, and he gets along with the king and the other nobles. After his flaw and fate bring him down, after he kills Duncan, and becomes king, he ends up very miserably. His people hate him, he is considered a tyrant, and countries want to go to war with him. He eventually gets what he had coming, and Mcduff cuts his head off. With Macbeth's head on his sword, Mcduff exclaims, "Hail, King! For so thou art. Behold where stands TH' usurper's curs?d head. The time is free." Clearly, going from being a well-respected war hero to a headless tyrant is a downfall, so this characteristic is one that Macbeth certainly has. The story of Macbeth is one that is regarded as one of the most famous pieces of literature of all time, but some feel that it is not a tragedy. After reading this, one can clearly see how Macbeth fits the characteristics of a tragedy. The tragic hero's flaw is evident, fate clearly works to bring him down as well, and there is no doubt that he does not experience a downfall. These characteristics are what make Macbeth, and other stories, a tragedy.

European Imperialism Essays - Windows Games, Imperialism, Invasions

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The Portrayal Of Individualism Sociology Essay

The Portrayal Of Individualism Sociology Essay The Title of this research is The Portrayal of Individualism: A study on Marvel Movies IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010). In this chapter introduction is made on the Research Background, Research Problem, Research Objectives, Research Questions, Research Significance, Research Scope, Definition of Terms and Conclusion. Research Background This segment is to briefly introduce the Marvel Movies, IRON MAN 1 and 2, Individualism, and some manifestations of individualism. Individualism is one of the major dimension of researcher develop a study on culture. Several of research had developed to comparing individualism and collectivism. Individualism Western country, especially United States of American, is encouraging individualism as socializing climates. We can found a word from United States Declaration of Independence. In its second sentence: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. (Constitution society 2012) United States of American major ideology is everyone has the equal right and they have freedom to do what they want without force by other people. The liberty in the second sentences of United states Declaration of Independence clearly state central idea of individualism: freedom as an individual. (Constitution society 2012) Individualistic societies are described as emphasizing independence, freedom, and personal assertiveness as socializing climates in which a persons self-esteem develops (Kagitcibasi, 1996; Triandis, 1989; 1995). A Western view of self-awareness is based on the idea that ones private self resides within each person consistent with such cultural themes as the separateness and distinctiveness of each person (Gecas Burke,1995).Western country encouraging freedom of action, refraining from severe restrictiveness, and encouraging self-confidence for exploratory behaviour. Individualism  is the  moral  stance,  political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses the moral worth of the  individual. Individualists promote the exercise of ones goals and desires and so value  independence  and self-reliance while opposing external interference upon ones own interests by society  or  institutions  such as the government. Triandis (2000) states that cultural pattern of individualism is A) sample the individual self is conceived as independent of in-groups B) give priority to personal goals. C) Use attitudes much more than norms as determinants of their social behavior. D) Pay attention only to their own needs and abandon interpersonal relationships that are not optimally beneficial to them. Triandis (1994) has suggested that individualism emerges in societies that are both complex and loose. For example, Hollywood stars live in a culture that is both complex and loose. This speculation has not been tested rigorously but the data seem to hang together reasonably well. He also use Japan as an example that the complex Japan nowadays is less collectivist than 19th century. He also mentioned that modern, industrial-urban, fast-changing cultures tend to be individualist. Hofstede (1991) work was one of the earliest attempts to use extensive statistical data to examine cultural values. In carrying out his research, Hofstede ultimately surveyed more than one hundred thousand managers in a multinational organization, from fifty countries and three geographical regions. Each country was assigned rank 1 through 50 in each his studies, include individualism versus collectivism. Andersen (2003) stated that individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing ones own opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression. Triandis (1995) also discuss individualism with 4 points. First, the individual is the single most important unit in any social setting. Second, independence rather than interdependence is stressed. Third, individual achievement is rewarded. Lastly, the uniqueness of each individual is of paramount value. Goleman (1990) highlight that peoples personal goals take priority over their allegiance to groups like the family or the employer. The loyalty of individualists to a given group is very weak; they feel they belong to many groups and are apt to change their membership as it suits them, switching churches, for example, or leaving one employer for another. Triandis (2001) writes that emphasize is placed on individuals goals over group goals. The self is promoted because each person is viewed as uniquely endowed and possessing distinctive talent and potential. Individuals are encouraged to pursue and develop their abilities and aptitudes. People taught to be creative, self-reliant, and assertive in many individualism cultures. Triandis emphasize on individual is emotionally disconnected from in groups such as the family because individual be taught to be independent. Social controls more on the personal guilt than on shame of other social norms or conformity. Individualist will belong to many groups but they not actually tie with it. Many groups that individualist belong to is to enhance self-worth, for example, self-help group, therapy group, or occupational group. In the Geert Hofstede research on Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context (Neulips 2009) discusses the Differences between collectivist and individualist societies, in the table portrayal the individualism in 10 degree which is: Everyone is supposed to take care of him and his immediate family only, I-consciousness, Right of Privacy, Speaking ones mind is healthy, Others classified as individuals, personal opinion expected: one person one vote, Transgression of norms leads to guilt feelings, Languages in which the world I is indispensable, purpose of education is learning how to learn, Task prevails over relationship. It is worth noting Kashima (1998) mentioned Individualist cultures have languages that require the use of I andYou. English is a good example. It would be difficult to write a letter in English without using I and You. Top ranked country in the individualism country mostly using English. (Hofstede, 2001) Markus and Kitayama (1991) introduced the concepts of independent self and interdependent self to distinguish between the different kinds of self found in cutures. They suggest that people in individualistic cultures such as western generally will have an independent self. People in collectivist cultures such as eastern have an interdependent self. The independent self is an autonomous entity with clear boundaries between self and others. Internal attributes, such as thought, feeling and abilities, are stable and largely invulnerable by social context. The behavior of the independent self is governed and constituted primarily according to ones inner and dispositional characteristics. Based on Fiske, Kitayama, Markus and Nisbett (1998), The independent person is 1) bounded, stable, autonomous 2) has personal attributes that guide action 3)is achievement-oriented 4)formulates personal goals 5)define life by successful goal achievement 6)is responsible for own behavior 7)is competitive 8)strives to feel good about the self. According to Feldman (2001), western are more apt to experience emotions that are related to their view of themselves as independent, unconnected individuals. People living in independent cultures see achievement in terms of personal gains, viewing themselves as better or worse achievers than others. They compare their salaries and their grades with those of their peers, and they seek and receive individual rewards for good performance. The self-concepts of people in independent cultures, then, are based on personal, individual successes and failures. Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier (2002) summarize behavioral traits that have been shown to be associated with individualism. individualism is 1) optimism, 2) high self-esteem, 3) Lower social anxiety, 4) Emotional expression, 5) Satisfaction with self, 6) Satisfaction with freedom, 7) Direct communication style, 8) Lower relational commitment, 9) Preference to work alone, 10) Ease of interacting with strangers. According to Naomi and Mark (2005), American Movie always content ideology of their nation culture. Individualism as a part of American culture, it is exists in most of the American Movies. This argument obviously been emphasize in action movies, especially in those superhero movies, this research will examine two of the superhero movies, IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010) to find out the portrayal of individualism. MARVEL MOVIES According to Marvel Studios official website (MARVEL OFFICIAL WEBSITE 2012), originally Marvel Films (1993-1996), is an American television and motion picture studio based in Manhattan Beach, California. Marvel Studios is a subsidiary of Marvel Entertainment, a self-contained part of The Walt Disney Company conglomerate. Since 2008, the studio has released six produced films Iron Man (2008), The Incredible Hulk (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011), Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), and Marvels The Avengers (2012) with shared timeline, cast and characters, making up the Marvel Cinematic Universe. (MARVEL OFFICIAL WEBSITE 2012) The Marvel Movies is very influential to public of today, their productions are well known by most people in most place. Marvel Movies always have outstanding box office in various countries from west to east, inadvertently the values of those movies instill to audience around the world especially the youth generations. We can notice that the Marvel Movie did share the main value of US culture which is Individualism. And it becomes stronger in the portrayal of the character. IRON MAN Here is his introduction before the Iron Mask from Marvel official Website. Anthony Tony Stark was born to Howard Anthony Stark and Maria Collins Carbonell Stark, owners of the prominent US firm, Stark Industries. As a boy, Tony was fascinated with building and controlling machines. At the age of 15 Tony entered the undergraduate electrical engineering program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and graduated with two masters degrees by age 19. Tony went to work for Stark Industries, but showed more interest in living a reckless playboy lifestyle than using his engineering skills. At the age of 21, Tony inherited Stark Enterprises when his parents were killed in a car accident secretly orchestrated by rival corporation Republic Oil (later ROXXON). Still lacking in business acumen, Tony promoted secretary Virginia Pepper Potts to be his executive assistant and left the majority of his workload on her so that he could avoid what he saw as a burden. (MARVEL OFFICIAL WEBS ITE 2012) MOVIE IRON MAN 1 (2008) According to Marvel official website (MARVEL OFFICIAL WEBSITE 2012).Tony Stark is well-known as a playboy and genius which led the defence contractor Stark Industries after his father was death. The moment after Stark demonstrated the new missile called Jericho in Afghanistan; he is ambushed by the terrorist group, the Ten Rings and then imprisoned in a cave. As Stark get seriously injured from the ambush, the fellow captive Yinsen save his life by installed an electromagnet into Starks chest so that can avoid the shrapnel which wounded his body to reach into his heart and cause him die. Raza, leader of Ten Rings, guarantees will set Stark free once Stark help them to build Jericho missile. However, Stark and Yinsen know that Raza will not release them eventually. Thus, in order to power Starks electromagnet, they secretly to construct a powerful electric generator named an arc reactor and a suit of armor for escape. Unfortunately, the Ten Rings discovered what they doing and Yinsen died because want to help Starks suit powers up. Stark successful escape from the cave and flies away until his suit is destroyed and he crash in the desert. Once Stark get back to his country, he announces to public that the company will not produce weapons anymore although Tonys father old partner, Obadiah Stane has try to persuade him to do not do so. Stark continues to improve his suit and arc reactor. Stark knows that Yinsens village, Gulmira will be attack by the Ten Rings using his company weapons. Stark wears up the new armor and flies to save Yinsens village. On the way flying back home, Stark is chase by two F-22 Raptor fighter jets. To get rid of their shot, Stark tells his secret identity to his friend, Rhodes. The Ten Rings found the pieces of armor suit and meet with Stane. However, Stane used his sonic device to subdue Raza and killed all of them. By applying reverse engineering method, Stane capable produce a new suit from the wreckage. Potts, who sent by Stark to hack into Stanes office, has found the evidences about Stane supplying weapons to terrorists and employed the Ten Rings to kill Stark. Since Stanes scientists unable to build an arc reactor, Stane attacks Stark by using a sonic device and take away his arc reactor. Luckily, Stark managed to plug in back his original reactor. Due to the original reactor cannot run his suit at full capacity, Stark lures Stane to the top of the Stark Industries building and guides Potts to overload the large arc reactor there. The huge electrical surge that knocks Stane unconscious, make him and his armor to fall into the exploding reactor, killing him. When Stark demands to explain the Stanes death at a press conference, Stark announces that he is Iron Man. From this kind of action, it can be shown that Stark consist of strong individualism. It is because he cares a lot of his personal achievements, as he produced a powerful armor suit. MOVIE IRON MAN 2 (2010) According to Marvel official website (MARVEL OFFICIAL WEBSITE 2012).The news regards Stark Industries CEO, Tony Stark revealed himself as Iron Man had spread to Russia. While Anton Vanko is pass away, his son, Ivan Vanko starts to used the prototype given by his father to build an arc reactor which alike with Stark. In order to carry on his father legacy Stark strives to re-organize the Stark Expo in Flushing Meadows. Meanwhile, Stark utilizes his armor to ensure world peace. When the senator Stern wants him to hand in the Iron Man technology to the government, Stark rejects, because he thinks that all the business rival around the world cant duplicate his work, it is unique and considered as his property. Based on Starks statement, it can be seen that he is a self-centered person and doesnt care who will afraid his armor threaten worldwide peace. Stark feels depressed when unable to find the new element to replace the palladium core in the arc reactor which can slowly poisoning him. Stark decide to keep his plight and substitutes Potts, who Stark Industries CEO with Natalie. By using an arc reactor as powering whip-like weapon, Vanko attacks Stark at the racing field. Starks able to subdued Vanko and get to know that he is the son of his fathers old partner. Vanko tells his desire to revenge on Stark family. Justin Hammer, rival defense contractor, rescues Vanko and hires him to complete a line of armored. Due to intervene from Stark, Rhodes wears up Starks Mark II armor to fight with him. The battle end up huge explosion while both fire repulsor beam and Rhodes returns the armor to the military. From Nick Fury, director of SHIELD, Stark knows that his father formed a SHIELD and disclosure Natalie as undercover agent. Stark discovers an encrypted message from his fathers old material which given by Fury and finally found the new element to replace the palladium. Hammer demonstrates Vankos armored drones and led by Rhodes, who wearing complete weaponries version of the Mark II armor. Stark flies with his new armor to stop Rhodes, however, all drones include Rhodess armor is control by Vanko used to attack Stark. Hammer is then arrested by Hogan and Romanoff try to catch Vanko but let him escapes. Besides, Romanoff allows Rhodes to control back his Mark II armor. Vanko is totally defected when Stark and Rhodes use fire repulsor rays at each other and create a huge explosion. Vanko activates self-destruct mechanism on his suit along with all his drones, obviously killing himself as well. Stark capable to saves Potts before the drones going to explode. At the end, Stark promises to work as consultant if senators Stern awards Rhodes and him with medals for bravely, although Stern not willing to do so. Research Problem As state in the research background, studies have shown individualism level of people increasing with the growing of science and technology. Individualism is prevalent in most of development country. To address this phenomenon, scholars conduct numbers of research toward individualism from different perspectives. As most research found, generally western country practicing individualism while eastern country practicing collectivism. Malaysia as an eastern and developing country it stands in a subtle position. Historical factor make Malaysia one of the special existing country in the world which absorb multi culture. There have lack of studies of individualism in Malaysia context. Compare with other developed country, Malaysia also lack of studies in teenager and youth behavior and thinking. Malaysia has lack of study to investigating humanity. It may one of the reason scholars in Malaysia unable to grasp the evolution of social behavior. By conducting this research, the study will first aims to study the portrayal of individualism in the Marvel Movie. Through the study of the films, the research can help to continue investigate perception of youth toward the movie. The understanding of youths perception toward the portrayal of individualism is not to manipulate or influence the youths behavior. The research may be able to give people a clearer picture to individualism among youth in Malaysia. Research Objectives 1. To examine the portrayal of individualism of Tony Stark, the main character in the Marvel Movie: IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010). 2. To find out the perception of youth toward Tony Stark, the main character in the Marvel Movie: IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010) Research Questions 1. How was the main character portrayed in Marvel Movie: IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010)? 2. What is the perception of youth toward Tony Stark, the main character in the Marvel Movie: IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010) after they watched? 1.5 Research Significance Film Industry has been producing quite a number of individualism movies. However, those movies will publish under different genres. Normally individualism can be found in action movie and superhero movie. People may confuse to differentiate the type of films and they are actually lack of awareness to identify individualism in the movie. This research able to carried out so that we can help people to understand the behavior of individualism own by Marvel Movie Character, it can also call awareness of public toward individualism in media content. The objective of this research is not to change people perception but at least giving people a chance to have a clear picture toward individualism. 1.6 Research Scope This research is done among Youth of Malaysia. The target audience limited to Malaysians who are 18 25 years old. Other than that, our target audiences focus to Malaysians who are currently staying in Klang Valley Area. Also, movies that study research on are only restricted to IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010). 1.7 Definition of Terms 1.7.1 Portrayal Conceptual Definition A depiction of someone or something in a work of art or literature; a picture: A realistic portrayal of war. (Oxford Dictionaries 2010).A description of someone or something in a particular way; a representation: the media portrayal of immigration. An instance of an actor playing a part in a movie or play; a performance: his portrayal of the title character. Operational Definition The first objective of the research is to find out the portrayal of individualism. Therefore, to find out behavior shown by the character in the movie which demonstrate individualism. This research will define portrayal as how the movies figure the characteristic of individualism. 1.7.2 Individualism Conceptual Definition The habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant: a culture that celebrates individualism and wealth. (Oxford Dictionaries 2010) Self-centered feeling or conduct: egoism. A social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control: encouragement has been given to individualism, free enterprise, and the pursuit of profit. Individualism described bas emphasizing independence, freedom, and personal assertiveness as socializing climates in which a persons self-esteem develops (Kagitcibasi, 1996; Triandis, 1989; 1995). Operational Definition In the research it will be use to explain those behavior displayed individualism: self-motivation, autonomy, freedom, and personal assertiveness, independent thinking and Self-actualization. 1.8 Conclusion Marvel Movies is achieving excellent result in the worldwide. Marvel Movies almost be a guarantee of box office. It reaches most people of most places in the world. In unconsciously, the value in the movie actually influence how the people thinking, especially among children and youth. Contrast to public heard lot words about young generation now are egoism, lack of collaboration. Even without any evidence, the researcher believes it is some negative interpreting of individualism. But it is attracting to examine the portrayal of individualism in the action movie, especially from the Superhero movie. IRON MAN as one of the outstanding box office Superhero Movies, The research takes it as an example to examine portrayal of individualism. Hope the research can figure out the hypothesis or at least, attract more profession to do further research. 2.0 Literature Review Introduction This chapter reviews some of journals which discuss about individualism and dimensions of individualism. It also refers to some related discussion on culture, other explanation of individualism with terms independent culture. The similar research of individualism on media been mentioned to compare too. 2.1 Review of Previous Journals In this part will discuss about the previous journal. The purpose of review the previous journal is to compare the studies that conduct by others scholars to improve the investigation for further study and to reduce the mislead of research questions 2.1.1 Self-Interest Self-Values Expression James M. Baldwins Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology (1902) defines Individualism in terms of political philosophy as the doctrine that the pursuit of self-interests and the exercise of individual initiative should be little or not at all restrained by the state and that the functions of government should be reduced to the lowest possible terms. As we notice that, people should be liberally practising in his works with lowest or not at all levels of restraints of the environment. Based on the study of the Chen, Chen and Meindl (1998), the researchers had presented the cooperation mechanisms by culturally shaped motives in the culture of individualism and collectivism. Firstly, the super-ordinate goal of the individualism is goal interdependence. Goal sharing is collectivists super-ordinate goal. Secondly, the group identity of individualism is self enhancement, collectivism presumed the group identity as the group complements. Thirdly, cognition based is belonging to the trust associated with the individualism. On the opposite sides, affect based is along with the collectivisms trust. Fourthly, accountability of the individualism is individual based but the collectivism is group based. Fifthly, the way to communicate of individualism is partial channel. On the other hand, collectivists use the full channel to communicate. Lastly, individualists and collectivists are also believed in equity based for the reward distribution. The research studied the cooperatio n mechanisms by culturally shaped motives in the culture of individualism and collectivism analysis correctly the advantages and disadvantages with people either they want to working alone or group working, although the contexts always have the good and bad conditions in it. Last but not least, self-interest might be explains people rather than accepts the individualism (self-based) is their only interest to pursuit or lives in collective society (group-based) also can be an interest of them. Accordingly, Nayef RF (2008) has been stress that humankinds generally assumed self-interest is the most important things of life. In Nayefs theory of human nature, which he has been termed human behaves as Emotional Amoral Egoism. After that, Nayef has argued that emotional self-interest primarily governed the human behaviour that can be focus initially on survival, achievement and domination. These facets of human nature are genetically coded survival instincts product  modified by the  totality of the environment  and expressed as  neurochemically-mediated emotions and actions. Reason, reflection and conscious morality are comparatively rare. The human mind is consequently a  predisposed tabula rasa, for the purpose of survival and the environment, which is resulting from both an in-built genetic code. Therefore, once humans basic needs been filled, they will be measured self-benefits on them. This may results the greater consequences between the individual and society. For example, Bill Gates has created Microsoft software afterward, billions of people have been benefits by this, relatively the globally business and economic markets were growth because of this. In Nayefs studied work (2008), he has been researched the most of the mankind are motivated by emotional self-interest and have the potential to be either moral or immoral. The conditions of circumstances will be determine the survival value of human beings moral compass in that being highly moral in an immoral environment may be detrimental to ones survival and vice versa. Indeed, people apparently seeking the gratification and feel good of the reason, they will behave altruistically to serves self-interest at some level. Obviously, individualism could be doing well in collectivist society on todays era. Nayef (2008) state that emphasized individuals is impossible completely escaped by the collectivist society although they were believed in individualism. This insight has profound implications for the re-ordering of governance mechanisms at all levels with a strong emphasis on the role of society and the global system in maximising the benefits of Professor Nayef term measured self-interest, when he has minimising its excesses. This is because human beings cannot be left to their own devices to do the right thing. The reformation offers the best opportunities of facilitating political and moral cooperation through the establishment of stringent normative frameworks and governance structures, which is best fulfilling the potential of human beings to exist and evolve in peace, security, prosperity and possible serenity. Kagitcibasi (1997, 2005) and Schwartz (2004), according to them, by contrast, set the limits of the notion of individualism to autonomy and criticize the merging of autonomy and selfishness into individualism. In fact, both authors argue that individual autonomy can be altruistic, going together with social relatedness and concern for others. (Kagitcibasi 1997 2005; Schwartz 2004). According to the Etzioni (1993), this understanding mirrors the notion of a communitarian spirit in social philosophy, which defines as communitarian a social responsibility form of individualism, it is also explained the combined emphasis on individual autonomy and solidarity with others. Empirically, Schwartz (2007) finds self-direction and stimulation to be close individual-level correlates of participation in collective actions among European countries. The researcher also finds that country-level scores of self-direction and stimulation correlate closely with Inglehart and Welzels self-expression val ues index. (Schwartz 2007). Therefore, it could evidently research more about the evidences of individualisms are correlates with the collectivists society. And, this is feasible and trustable for research the individualisms due to the findings. According to Christian Welzel (2009), the researcher pointed out the works from Schwartz (1992, 2007) developed an instrument to measure the most basic human values. Values are defined as trans-situational goals that people pursue in their lives. Referring to the goals of power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, and security, Schwartz identifies 10 quasi-universal values. In short, 8 of the 10 Schwartz values have been shown to reflect two overarching polarities (Fontaine, Poortinga, Delbeke, Schwartz, 2008; Schwartz Boehnke, 2004; Spini, 2003). Based on the Schwartz characterization of polarity of the values, this is shows that the humankinds achieve to their goals whereas the goals of benevolence and universalism describe general concerns that environment. People had adequately enhancing themselves meanwhile what they do also can bring about the benefits to society. Based on the study of Welzel (2009), the researcher has been studied that the power is important to this person to be rich; to have a lot of money and expensive things. Self-Direction is important to this person to think up new ideas and be creative; to do things ones own way. Hedonism is important to this person to have a good time; to spoil oneself. Security is important to this person; to avoid anything that might be dangerous. Achievement is being very successful is important to this person; to have people recognize ones achievements. Benevolence is important to this person to help the people nearby; to care for their well-being. Conformity is important to this person to always behave properly; to avoid doing anything people would say is wrong. Adventure and taking risks are important to this person; to have an exciting life. Tradition is important to this person; to follow the customs handed down by ones religion or family. Universalism is important to this person; to care for n ature. (Welzel, C 2009) Christian Welzel (2009), the researcher has been studied the Schwartzs Values Spaces, the analysis on the basis of Schwartz-transformed value items after standardizing these items for their country means is shows that the power was finding as -0.8 in egoism/altruism and .0.0 in individualism/collectivism, the achievement that will be 0.3 in egoism/altruism and 0.3 in individualism/collectivism. Next, the benevolence were finding as 0.4 in egoism/altruism and -0.1in individualism/collectivism, the universalism were considered as 0.3 in egoism/altruism and 0.0 in individualism/collectivism. Furthermore, the security that will be 0.0 in egoism/altruism and -0.8 in individualism/collectivism, the conformity were considered as 0.3 in egoism/altruism and -0.5 in individualism/collectivism. In a nutshell, the stimulation was finding as -0.3 in egoism/altruism and considered as 0.7 in individualism/collectivism. The self-direction was considered as 0.0 in egoism/altruism and was considered as 0.5 in individualism/collectivism. On the opposite sides, Welzel (2009) researched the analysis on the basis of Schwartz-tran

The Economic Future in the Year 2000 :: essays papers

The Economic Future in the Year 2000 The economy has performed exceptionally well for the past several years, combining rapid growth and very low unemployment with declining inflation. â€Å"Not only has the expansion achieved record length, but it has done so with far stronger growth than expected,† stated Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan in his remarks to the National Community Reinvestment Coalition annual conference in Washington (Business Week, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Economic Outlook, March 6,2000). Figures show that since 1996, the growth of GDP has averaged more than 4 percent, compared with an average of about 3 percent since 1973. Because of those four years of rapid growth, the unemployment rate has fallen to 4.1 percent, its lowest level since January 1970. Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation, excluding food and energy prices, had been vacillating at about 3 percent per year earlier in the decade but was roughly 2 percent over the past year (Bank of America, Economic in Brief, November 1, 1999). Much of the auspicious recent economic developments can be attributed to a surge in productivity growth. Alan Greenspan noted in his statement that output per hour in the non-financial corporate sector had increased since 1995 at nearly double the average pace of the preceding 25 years (First Union, Monthly Economic Outlook, March 7, 2000). This rapid productivity growth allowed the economy to grow at a faster pace without raising the rate of inflation. However, the growth of consumer demand is exceeding the increase of productivity—boosting employment, tightening labor markets, and raising concerns that recent growth rates may not be sustainable without sparking a rise in inflation. After spending the past several years, extolling the virtues of improved productivity in allowing higher growth with less inflation, the Federal Reserve Chairman, seemed to turn the tables in his Humphrey Hawkins testimony, stating that the spurt in productivity has produced expectation of hi gher profit growth, which, in turn, have resulted in higher equity valuations. That surge in equity prices is seen as the primary driver of the â€Å"wealth effect†, which he believes has created an â€Å"imbalance† between demand and supply, raising inflation pressures (Business Week, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Economic Outlook, March 6,2000). Speculations of this occurrence may over the long term indicate that the higher the trend growth of productivity, the lower the inflation rate—due to the restraint of labor costs.

Dynamic and formal equivalence Essay

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Semantic Translation: Semantic translation takes advantage of semantics that associate meaning with individual data elements in one dictionary to create an equivalent meaning in a second system. Literal Translation: Literal translation, or directed translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another â€Å"word-for-word† (Latin: â€Å"verbum pro verbo†) with or without conveying the sense of the original. Functional Translation: Functional approach to translation values the context and desist from treating language merely as a code. Official translation: A complete and accurate translation into English from the issuing language. DYNAMIC EQUIVALENCE: Dynamic equivalence (or functional equivalence) conveys the essential thoughts expressed in a source text. In this, translator focuses more on the culture and linguistics expression. FORMAL EQUIVALENCE: Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. While the translator is trying to find formal equivalence, he or she is closely following the form, content and structure. LEGAL TRANSLATION Legal translation is the translation of texts within the field of law. As law is a culture-dependent subject field, the work of legal translation and its products are not necessarily linguistically transparent. It is important to note almost all the original drafts at the centre and states level are usually prepared in English and then got translated into Hindi. But the original’ text (i. e. the English version) is called the ‘translated text’, whereas the translated text (i. e. the Hindi version) is known as the ‘original one. Points to be taken care at time of translation Only professional translators specializing in legal translation should translate legal documents The translator should be aware of the legal system of the source text (ST) as it is structured in a way that suits that culture Similarly, the target text (TT) is to be read by someone who is familiar with the other legal system and its language. It should not have any defect which would result in misinterpretation, misunderstanding and misconstruction. It should convey the same meaning as the original text gives. The translator should neither add nor subtract anything from his side. He should not give a word for word translations but grasp the original meaning. The intention of the legislator should also be kept in mind while translating the enactment. REGULATION NO. 1 OF 1803 The rule of translation from English into Hindi, provided under section 18 of the Regulation No 1of 1803, â€Å"The translator shall translate the regulations into plain and easy language and in all possible cases, shall reject words not in common use. So far as may be consistent with the preservation of the true meaning and spirit of regulations, he shall adopt the idiom of the native languages, instead of giving a close verbal translation of the English drafts which must necessarily render the translation obscure and often unintelligible to natives. † The Gazette of India (: Bharat kaa Rajpatra) is a public journal and an authorized legal document of the Government of India published weekly by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development. (1) (2) (3) Common PROBLEMS FACED DURING TRANSLATION The translator sometimes brings in his own beliefs and experiences in interpreting a document. This could potentially harm the document’s accuracy, intent and effect. The translator could have a problem in comprehending the language too. There are some rare words whose meanings escape, not only the general public but also the dictionaries. Reading the original language poses a problem to inexperienced or unskilled translators. Language can be misused unintentionally.

The History of the Compass and Other Magnetic Innovations

The History of the Compass and Other Magnetic Innovations A compass is an instrument containing a freely suspended magnetic element that displays the direction of the horizontal component of Earths magnetic field at the point of observation. Its been used to help people navigate for many centuries. Located in the same part of the public imagination as sextants and telescopes, its actually been in use for a lot longer than the sea voyages that discovered North America. The use of magnetism in inventions doesnt stop there, though; its found in everything from telecommunications equipment and motors to the food chain. Discovery Large deposits of magnetic oxides were found in the district of Magnesia in Asia Minor thousands of years ago; their location led to the mineral receiving the  name of magnetite (Fe3O4), which was nicknamed lodestone. In 1600,  William Gilbert published De Magnete, a paper on magnetism that details the use and properties of magnetite. Ferrites, or magnetic oxides, are stones that attract iron and other metals. These are natural magnets and are not inventions. However, the machines that we make with magnets are inventions. Magnetic Compass The magnetic compass is actually  an old Chinese invention, probably first made in China during the Qin dynasty (221–206 B.C.). Back then, the Chinese used lodestones (which align themselves in a north-south direction) to construct fortune-telling boards. Eventually, someone noticed that the lodestones were better at pointing out real directions, which led to the creation of the first compasses. The earliest compasses were designed on a square slab that had markings for the cardinal points and the constellations. The pointing needle was a spoon-shaped lodestone device with a handle that would always point south. Later on, magnetized needles were used as direction pointers instead of the spoon-shaped lodestones. These appeared in the eighth century A.D.- again in China- and between 850 and 1050. Compasses as Navigational Aids In the 11th century, compasses use as navigational devices on ships seemed to have become common. The magnetized-needle compasses used in navigation could be wet (in water), dry (on a pointed shaft), or suspended (on silk thread) and were used by voyagers, such as those traders who traveled to the Middle East, and were used by early navigators to locate the magnetic North Pole or pole star. Electromagnetism In 1819,  Hans Christian Oersted  reported that when an  electric current  in a wire was applied to a magnetic  compass  needle, the magnet was affected. This is called  electromagnetism. In 1825, British inventor William Sturgeon (1783–1850) displayed the power of the electromagnet by lifting nine pounds with a seven-ounce piece of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a single-cell battery was sent. This device laid the foundation for large-scale  electronic communications, as it led to the invention of the telegraph. It also resulted in the invention of the electric motor.   Cow Magnets U.S. patent #3,005,458 is the  first patent  issued for a cow magnet. It was issued to Louis Paul Longo, the inventor of the Magnetrol Magnet, for the prevention of hardware disease in cows. If cows happen to consume scrap pieces of metal, such as nails, when theyre feeding, the foreign objects can cause internal damage to their digestive tract. Cow magnets keep the metal pieces confined to the cows first stomach, rather than traveling to the later stomachs or intestines, where the fragments can cause the most damage.

Portugal and Slavery essays

Portugal and Slavery essays In Portugal, slavery was a major issue that plagued the land, as was white merchants from Europe invading the area with their goods. Many white Europeans came to Africa to make money and profit for their own righteousness. White merchant would sell goods in Africa to make a higher profit. African would not let them into the country to sell their goods but the King allowed them to enter. As the Europeans entered Congo by the grace of the king, Dom Affonso, they would find their greatest good to sell and trade, slaves. Many Africans were forced into to slavery, sold to the highest bidder. This is how white Europeans profited so much. Many of the noblemen and their sons were kidnapped and forced to serve as slaves to other merchants. Many Africans pleaded with the king to pass a law that stated, any white man that want to profit from selling goods that wanted to live in Congo would have to inform the three noblemen. If any white man did not comply with these rules and regulations would lose all of their goods. Many merchants claimed they took care of their slaves by not branding the women as hard as the men and discarding the unhealthy ones. The women slaves were also cheaper than the males. On the other hand, French, Portuguese, and English slave owners would not get what they asked for in trade for the slaves. In return, the master would take everything from the slaves, including their clothes and feed them only bread and water three times a day. They had to feed six to seven hundred slaves on board a ship. You can imagine the small rations the slaves were served. Then, the masters would send them to the merchants skin and bones, not in good shape to do the manual labor they would probably have to do. Enslaved Africans were usually kidnapped. Many Africans were trained at an early age to fight and protect the house. Sometimes the youngest ones were taken and forced into slavery. ...

Account for Amartya Sen's Approach to Development as Freedom Essay

Account for Amartya Sen's Approach to Development as Freedom - Essay Example This essay stresses that the connection between development and freedom has been subject to many debates. This is because while some people view freedom as a great partner to progress, while others believe that individual freedom leads to adversity and slows down development. Let us begin by looking at the definitions of both terms. Development is defined by Lawn as â€Å"an evolutionary process involving the qualitative improvement in the human condition over time". Freedom on the other hand is â€Å"the possibility for choosing what is good lying immanent within the plurality of alternatives which appear more or less good†. This paper makes a conclusion that Sen has observed that freedom is not mainly the primary end of development, but rather the main means. There are wide varieties of freedoms and all are remarkably linked through various mechanisms. These freedoms range from political freedoms, which help to promote economic security and provide social opportunities to other forms of freedom. Freedom links economic prosperity and development and can be strengthened by other freedoms. When freedom opportunities prevail, individuals can easily shape their destiny and the end result is prevalence in the free and sustainable agency. Individuals can easily shape their destiny in the presence of adequate social opportunities. For this reason, Sen’s work is applied by economists worldwide. It also holds no threat since it is humane in nature.

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Proposal - Essay Example Moreover, the kinds of issues raised by this saga are concentrated on interesting for this social group ordinary relations within family and school institutions, romantic love, and superpowers. Thus, analyzing this text enables discovery of the main messages that are accepted by contemporary adolescents in terms of Hollywood cultural industry, Twihards fan culture, and phenomenon of contemporary globalization process. For this purpose, both text written by Stephanie Mayer and its film adaptation are considered in the current research. In case of Hollywood cultural industry, the way the screening of Twilight saga happened was made in a standardized way described by Theodor Adorno. In this context, regular referring to the movie’s celebrities in general and romantic real love between main actors in particular is reflected in the usual way Hollywood movies are promoted nowadays. Therefore, the way Twilight Saga was presented on the screen determines the whole context of teenagers’ behavior and ideals in the society. As for fan culture, the fact that most Twihards (Twilight fans) have female gender corresponds with the observation made by Henry Jenkins on distinguishing eroticized fans from all the others. But, this approach should applied not only on exotic forms of culture but also in such an ordinary case of customer culture. Thus, the fan communities should be also considered from the Gender Studies perspective. Finally, contemporary globalization with the phenomenon of â€Å"eating the other† stated in Hook’s essay is literally used in Twilight. In particular, Edward Callen and all the members of his family have extremely white skin. Moreover, they are superior to all the others as they are able to kill by eating blood. And so, in this case Hook’s theory can be applied even more accurately than the author supposed to use it. In context

International Student at MSU and the Problem They Face Essay

International Student at MSU and the Problem They Face - Essay Example In short, the MSU can help itself in attracting a large number of international students years-on if the offered environment is congenial enough for international students that all their important issues get a patient listening by the authorities at the helm of affairs. International students wanting to study are not accustomed to the new way of life waiting them at MSU. A good chunk of their time gets in updating their VISA documentation work completed, leaving no time to do research on the new environment. So a feeling of discomfort circumvents when sudden problems surface, making them confused as to how to overcome the problems, which could be social or psychological or any other related matter of concern. One such social problem is that of communication with the native students (Jang, 2005). The most important social problem of international students is communication, as it becomes a big hindrance to them. They are not as good in the spoken form of English as are the natives. As belonging to different cultural backgrounds, they don’t get the desired environment and feel aloof like strangers. They cannot express their views on topics of interest comfortably with their American and other international classmates, as they also come from different cultural and social backgrounds. ... orientation courses can be offered to such students to increase not only their English speaking skills but reading and writing skills as well (Jang, 2005). Another most important problem of International students is although academic but it strains them psychologically, as they get psychologically affected to first focus on attempting their majors so that they become eligible for scholarship. They cannot ignore either English learning or their majors, devoting their time equally on both. Time becomes the major hindrance in communicating with others. Miscommunication sometimes adds to their problems, as they cannot speak English as fast as the natives. It promotes unpleasantness among students belonging to various countries and the native students (Jang, 2005). The most important administrative problems are concerned with student ID cards, billing, and payment procedures. Students require keeping two identities, one is passport identity and the other is SMSU student identity card or à ¢â‚¬Å"Mustang ID†. Students have to carry their student identity card with them all times. Without showing their identity card, they cannot get access to library and computer labs. Administrative staff can ask them to show their international student identity any time. Further, students need to follow the deadline of depositing fee and other expenses, which are quite crucial from students’ perspective because a shortage of funds can be decisive to the progress of their semester. Students, therefore, need to be always on the alert to be disciplined in all academic and administrative matters (SMSU, 2010). One Korean student, named Tim, told that she felt hesitant in asking unrelated questions in the classroom. She was under the impression that only related and selected questions can be asked